Trend Analysis and Recommendations for Amorepacific

------------------------------------------------- ____________________________________________________________________________________ ------------------------------------------------- Memorandum To: Partners and Senior Consultants of Naib-Zoob Consulting From: Date: RE: Achieving Amorepacific’s growth objective by adding a product line in the U.S. and expanding to Brazil ______________________________________________________________________________ Since 2008, the economic downturn has slowed down the pace of the development in the cosmetic industry. Amorepacific Corporation, a Korean based cosmetics manufacturer, also earned much lower revenue than expected. I analyzed the changes in industrial trend and developed†¦show more content†¦Therefore, taking different distribution channels would be more effective. In my opinion, the company should distribute its new products through drug stores and online channels. * Recently, CVS and Walgreens focused more on their beauty departments and added more exclusive product lines (â€Å"Global Cosmetics† 44). * Many Americans are â€Å"nesting† at home and spending more time online (â€Å"Global Cosmetics† 46) * Promotion: Word-of-mouth marketing through electronic media Customers become better informed. Regarding to cosmeceutical products, consumers care more about functionality of product. The best way to assure product’s functionality is sharing experience. Therefore, word-of-mouth marketing strategy is effective. The company may use social media including beauty blogs, Facebook, and Twitter. * Mac has over 1.5 million fans on Facebook (â€Å"Beauty† 31). * Beauty blogs provides a more personal interaction for making purchase decision (â€Å"Beauty† 31). Mobile application is another strong method to interact with customers which drives sales online or in store. * The latest L Orà ©alParis app gives more information of the products when people scan the products (â€Å"Beauty† 32). 2. Expanding to Brazil The performance of various brands of Amorepacific Corp in the emerging market – China and several Southeast Asian countries – is noteworthy. The success in those markets is the reason that the company can sustain its growth in spite

Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Essay - 3557 Words

Analysis of Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury Imagine living in a world where you are not in control of your own thoughts. Imagine living in a world in which all the great thinkers of the past have been blurred from existence. Imagine living in a world where life no longer involves beauty, but instead a controlled system that the government is capable of manipulating. In Ray Bradburys Fahrenheit 451, such a world is brought to the awareness of the reader through a description of the impacts of censorship and forced conformity on people living in a futuristic society. In this society, all works of literature have become a symbol of unnecessary controversy and are outlawed. Individuality and thought is outlawed. The human mind is†¦show more content†¦It was a time of book-burning and close panic, which left Bradbury in disbelief that [we] would go all out and destroy ourselves in this fashion; (Moore 103). The writing of this novel was also an opportunity for Bradbury to speak out against the censorship of written li terature that was taking place by showing the consequences of it. Bradbury believed that the censorship of books destroyed important ideas, knowledge, and opinions and restricted the world from learning about the problems of their culture. His writing came to show that without such knowledge, society could become very passive, which would make it vulnerable to the control and mind manipulating techniques of the government. Ironically enough, this book itself was subject to censorship on its initial release (Touponce 125). These political, social, and military tensions of the 50s lent to Bradburys own tensions, calling him forth to alert the people of their own self-destructive behaviors. The setting in which the story takes place has a significant effect on the theme expressed in the novel. The most notable aspect of the setting is the time at which it is set. 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Ch17 Blood free essay sample

Blood Objectives Overview: Blood Composition and Functions 1. Describe the composition and physical characteristics of whole blood. Explain why it is classified as a connective tissue. 2. List eight functions of blood. Blood Plasma 3. Discuss the composition and functions of plasma. Formed Elements 4. Describe the structure, function, and production of erythrocytes. 5. Describe the chemical makeup of hemoglobin. 6. Give examples of disorders caused by abnormalities of erythrocytes. Explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 7. List the classes, structural characteristics, and functions of leukocytes. 8. Describe how leukocytes are produced. 9. Give examples of leukocyte disorders, and explain what goes wrong in each disorder. 10. Describe the structure and function of platelets. Hemostasis 11. Describe the processes of hemostasis. List factors that limit clot formation and prevent undesirable clotting. 12. Give examples of hemostatic disorders. Indicate the cause of each condition. Transfusion and Blood Replacement 13. Describe the ABO and Rh blood groups. Explain the basis of transfusion reactions. 14. Describe fluids used to replace blood volume and the circumstances for their use. Diagnostic Blood Tests 15. Explain the diagnostic importance of blood testing. Developmental Aspects of Blood 16. Describe changes in the sites of blood production and in the type of hemoglobin produced after birth. 17. Name some blood disorders that become more common with age. Chapter Outline I. Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636; Fig. 17. 1) A. Components (p. 635; Fig. 17. 1) 1. Blood is a specialized connective tissue consisting of living cells, called formed elements, suspended in a nonliving fluid matrix, blood plasma. 2. Blood that has been centrifuged separates into three layers: erythrocytes, the buffy coat, and plasma. . The blood hematocrit represents the percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood. B. Physical Characteristics and Volume (p. 635) 1. Blood is a slightly basic (pH = 7. 35–7. 45) fluid that has a higher density and viscosity than water, due to the presence of formed elements. 2. Normal blood volume in males is 5–6 liters, and 4–5 liters for females. C. Functions (pp. 635–636) 1. Blood is the medium for delivery of oxygen and nutrients, removal of metabolic wastes to elimination sites, and distribution of hormones. 2. Blood aids in regulating body temperature, body fluid pH, and fluid volume within fluid compartments. . Blood protects against excessive blood loss through the clotting mechanism, and from infection through the immune system. II. Blood Plasma (p. 636; Table 17. 1) A. Blood plasma consists of mostly water (90%), and solutes including nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, products of cell activity, ions, and proteins (p. 636; Table 17. 1). B. Plasma proteins account for 8% of plasma solutes, mostly albumin, which function as carriers (p. 636). III. Formed Elements (pp. 637–649; Figs. 17. 2–17. 12; Table 17. 2) A. Erythrocytes (pp. 637–643; Figs. 17. 2–17. 8) 1. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are small cells that are biconcave in shape. They lack nuclei and most organelles, and contain mostly hemoglobin. a. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-binding pigment that is responsible for the transport of most of the oxygen in the blood. b. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the red heme pigment. 2. Production of Erythrocytes a. Hematopoiesis, or blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow. b. Erythropoiesis, the formation of erythrocytes, begins when a myeloid stem cell is transformed to a proerythroblast, which develops into mature erythrocytes. . Erythrocyte production is controlled by the hormone erythropoietin. d. Dietary requirements for erythrocyte formation include iron, vitamin B12, and folic acid, as well as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. e. Blood cells have a short life span due to the lack of nuclei and organelles; destruction of dead or dying blood cells is accomplished by macrophages. 3. Erythrocyte Disorders a. Anemias are characterized by a deficiency in RBCs. b. Polycythemia is characterized by an abnormal excess of RBCs. B. Leukocytes (pp. 643–648; Figs. 17. 9–17. 11; Table 17. 2) 1. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are the only formed elements that are complete cells and make up less than 1% of total blood volume. 2. Leukocytes are critical to our defense against disease. 3. Granulocytes are a main group of leukocytes characterized as large cells with lobed nuclei and visibly staining granules; all are phagocytic. a. Neutrophils are the most numerous type of leukocyte. They are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation and are active phagocytes. b. Eosinophils are relatively uncommon and attack parasitic worms. c. Basophils are the least numerous leukocyte and release histamine to promote inflammation. . Agranulocytes are a main group of lymphocytes that lack visibly staining granules. a. T lymphocytes directly attack virus-infected and tumor cells; B lymphocytes produce antibody cells. b. Monocytes become macrophages and activate T lymphocytes. 5. Production and Life Span of Leukocytes a. Leukopoiesis, the formation of white blood cells, is regulated by th e production of interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF). b. Leukopoiesis involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along two pathways: lymphoid and myeloid stem cells. 6. Leukocyte Disorders a. Leukopenia is an abnormally low white blood cell count. . Leukemias are clones of a single white blood cell that remain unspecialized and divide out of control. c. Infectious mononucleosis is a disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus. C. Platelets (pp. 648–649; Fig. 17. 12) 1. Platelets are not complete cells, but fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes. 2. Platelets are critical to the clotting process, forming the temporary seal when a blood vessel breaks. 3. Formation of platelets involves repeated mitoses of megakaryocytes without cytokinesis. IV. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3) A. A break in a blood vessel stimulates hemostasis, a fast, localized response to reduce blood loss through clotting (p. 649). B. Vascular spasms are the immediate vasoconstriction response to blood vessel injury (p. 649). C. Platelet Plug Formation (pp. 649–650; Fig. 17. 13) 1. When endothelium is damaged, platelets become sticky and spiky, adhering to each other and the damaged vessel wall. 2. Once attached, other platelets are attracted to the site of injury, activating a positive feedback loop for clot formation. D. Coagulation, or blood clotting, is a multistep process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel (pp. 50–652; Figs. 17. 13–17. 14; Table 17. 3). 1. Factors that promote clotting are called clotting factors, or procoagulants; those that inhibit clot formation are called anticoagulants. 2. The clotting process involves three phases: formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and the formation of fibrin mesh fr om fibrinogen in the plasma. a. The intrinsic pathway of clotting is so named because all factors necessary are present within the blood. It is a slower clotting pathway, and may be triggered by negatively charged surfaces, such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass. b. The extrinsic pathway is triggered through an endothelium-derived protein factor, called tissue factor (TF) or factor III, and can occur very rapidly. E. Clot Retraction and Repair (p. 652) 1. Clot retraction is a process in which the contractile proteins within platelets contract and pull on neighboring fibrin strands, squeezing plasma from the clot and pulling damaged tissue edges together. 2. Repair is stimulated by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). F. Fibrinolysis removes unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin-digesting enzyme plasmin (p. 652). G. Factors Limiting Clot Growth or Formation (pp. 652–653) 1. Rapidly moving blood disseminates clotting factors before they can initiate a clotting cascade. 2. Thrombin that is not bound to fibrin is inactivated by antithrombin III and protein C, as well as heparin. H. Disorders of Hemostasis (pp. 653–654) 1. Thromboembolytic disorders result from conditions that cause undesirable clotting, such as roughening of vessel endothelium, slow-flowing blood, or blood stasis. 2. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is a situation leading to widespread clotting throughout intact vessels, and may occur as a complication of pregnancy, septicemia, or incompatible blood transfusions. . Bleeding disorders arise from abnormalities that prevent normal clot formation, such as a deficiency in circulating platelets, lack of synthesis of procoagulants, or hemophilia. V. Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4) A. Transfusion of whole blood is routine when blood loss is substantial, or when treating thrombocytopenia (pp. 654–656; Fig. 17. 15; Table 17. 4). 1. Humans have different blood types based on specific antigens on RBC membranes. 2. ABO blood groups are based on the presence or absence of two types of agglutinogens. 3. Preformed antibodies (agglutinins) are present in blood plasma and do not match the individual’s blood. 4. The Rh factor is a group of RBC antigens that are either present in Rh+ blood, or absent in Rh– blood. 5. A transfusion reaction occurs if the infused donor blood type is attacked by the recipient’s blood plasma agglutinins, resulting in agglutination and hemolysis of the donor cells. B. Plasma and blood volume expanders are given in cases of extremely low blood volume (pp. 656–657). VI. Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) A. Changes in some of the visual properties of blood can signal diseases such as anemia, heart disease, and diabetes (p. 57). B. Differential white blood cell counts are used to detect differences in relative amounts of specific blood cell types (p. 657). C. Prothrombin time, which measures the amount of prothrombin in the blood, and platelet counts evaluate the status of the hemostasis system (p. 657). D. SMAC, SMA12–60, and com plete blood count (CBC) give comprehensive values of the condition of the blood (p. 657). VII. Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) A. Prior to birth, blood cell formation occurs within the fetal yolk sac, liver, and spleen, but by the seventh month, red bone marrow is the primary site of hematopoiesis (p. 57). B. Fetal blood cells form hemoglobin-F, which has a higher affinity for oxygen than adult hemoglobin, hemoglobin-A (p. 657). Cross References From Chapters 1-15 Additional information on topics covered in Chapter 17 can be found in the chapters listed below. 1. Chapter 3: Diffusion; osmosis 2. Chapter 4: Tissue repair 3. Chapter 6: Hematopoietic tissue Laboratory Correlations 1. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Cat and Fetal Pig Versions. Ninth Edition Updates. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation 2. Marieb, E. N. , and S. J. Mitchell. Human Anatomy Physiology Laboratory Manual: Main Version. Eighth Edition Update. Benjamin Cummings, 2009. Exercise 29: Blood PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0 Exercise 29B: Blood Analysis: Computer Simulation Online Resources for Students myAPâ„ ¢ www. myaandp. com The following shows the organization of the Chapter Guide page in myAPâ„ ¢. The Chapter Guide organizes all the chapter-specific online media resources for Chapter 17 in one convenient location, with e-book links to each section of the textbook. Students can also access AP Flix animations, MP3 Tutor Sessions, Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite, Practice Anatomy Labâ„ ¢ 2. 0, PhysioExâ„ ¢ 8. 0, and much more. Objectives Section 17. 1 Overview: Blood Composition and Functions (pp. 635–636) Section 17. 2 Blood Plasma (p. 636) Memory Game: Blood Cells Section 17. 3 Formed Elements (pp. 637–649) MP3 Tutor Session: Hemoglobin: Function and Impact Interactive Physiology ® 10-System Suite: Respiratory System: Gas Transport Memory Game: Identifying the Formed Elements of Blood Case Study: Iron-Deficiency Anemia Case Study: Sickle-Cell Anemia Section 17. Hemostasis (pp. 649–654) Section 17. 5 Transfusion and Blood Replacement (pp. 654–657) Section 17. 6 Diagnostic Blood Tests (p. 657) Section 17. 7 Developmental Aspects of Blood (p. 657) Chapter Summary Crossword Puzzle 17. 1 Crossword Puzzle 17. 2 Crossword Puzzle 17. 3 Web Links Chapter Quizzes Art Labeling Quiz Matching Quiz Multiple-Choi ce Quiz True-False Quiz Chapter Practice Test Study Tools Histology Atlas myeBook Flashcards Glossary Answers to End-of-Chapter Questions Multiple-Choice and Matching Question answers appear in Appendix G of the main text. Short Answer Essay Questions 11. a. The formed elements are living blood cells. The major categories of formed elements are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. b. The least numerous of the formed elements are the leukocytes. c. The buffy coat in a hematocrit tube comprises the white blood cells and platelets. (p. 635) 12. Hemoglobin is made up of the protein globin bound to the pigment heme. Each molecule contains four polypeptide chains (globins) and four heme groups, each bearing an atom of iron in its center. Its function is to bind oxygen to each iron atom. When oxygen is loaded (bound to hemoglobin), the hemoglobin becomes bright red. When oxygen is unloaded from the iron, the hemoglobin becomes dark red. (p. 638) 13. With a high hematocrit, you would expect the hemoglobin determination to be high, since the hematocrit is the percent of blood made up of RBCs. (p. 635) 14. In addition to carbohydrates for energy and amino acids needed for protein synthesis, the nutrients needed for erythropoiesis are iron and certain B vitamins. (p. 640) 15. a. -In the process of erythropoiesis, a hemocytoblast is transformed into a proerythroblast, which gives rise to early, then late erythroblasts, normoblasts, and reticulocytes. b. The immature cell type released to the circulation is the reticulocyte. c. The reticulocyte differs from a mature erythrocyte in that it still contains some rough ER. (p. 639) 16. The physiological attributes that contribute to the function of white blood cells in the body include the ability to move by amoeboid action, exhibition of positive chemotaxis enabling them to pinpoint areas of tissue damage, diapedesis (moving through capillary walls), and the ability to participate in phagocytosis. (p. 643) 17. a. With a severe infection, the WBC count would be closest to 15,000 WBC/mm3 of blood. . This condition is called leukocytosis. (p. 643) 18. a. Platelets appear as small discoid fragments of large, multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes. They are essential for the clotting process and work by clumping together to form a temporary plug to prevent blood loss. b. Platelets should not be called â€Å"cells† because they are only fragments of cells. (p. 648) 19. a. Literally, hemostasis is â€Å"blood standing still† because it refers to clotted blood. It encompasses the steps that prevent blood loss from blood vessels. (p. 649) b. The three major steps of coagulation include the formation of prothrombin activator by a cascade of activated procoagulants, the use of prothrombin activator enzymatically to release the active enzyme thrombin from prothrombin, and the use of thrombin to cause fibrinogen to form fibrin strands. (pp. 649–652) c. The intrinsic pathway depends on substances present in (intrinsic to) blood. It has many more steps and intermediates, and is slower. The extrinsic mechanism bypasses the early steps of the intrinsic mechanism and is triggered by tissue factor (thromboplastin) released by injured cells in the vessel wall or in surrounding tissues. pp. 650–651) d. Calcium is essential to virtually all stages of coagulation. (p. 651) 20. a. Fibrinolysis is the disposal of clots when healing has occurred. b. The importance of this process is that without it, blood vessels would gradually become occluded by clots that are no longer necessary. (p. 652) 21. a. Clot overgrowth is usuall y prevented by rapid removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors. (pp. 652–653) b. Two conditions that may lead to unnecessary (and undesirable) clot formation are roughening of the vessel wall endothelium and blood stasis. (p. 653) 22. Bleeding disorders occur when the liver cannot synthesize its usual supply of procoagulants. (p. 653) 23. a. A transfusion reaction involves agglutination of foreign RBCs, leading to clogging of small blood vessels, and lysis of the donated RBCs. It occurs when mismatched blood is transfused. b. Possible consequences include disruption of oxygen-carrying capacity, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting, general toxicity, and renal failure. (p. 656) 24. Among other things, poor nutrition can cause iron-deficiency anemia due to inadequate intake of iron-containing foods or to pernicious anemia due to deficiency of vitamin B12. p. 642) 25. The most common blood-related problems for the aged include chronic types of leukemias, anemias, and thromboembolytic disease. (p. 657) Critical Thinking and Clinical Application Questions 1. Hemopoiesis is a process involving fairly rapid cell production. Because chemotherapeutics simply target cells exhibiting rapid turnover (rather than other specific pro perties of cancer cells), hemopoiesis is a target of chemotherapeutic drugs and must be carefully monitored. (pp. 638–639) 2. a. The woman would probably be given a whole blood transfusion. It is essential that she maintain sufficient O2-carrying capacity to serve fetal needs and blood volume to maintain circulation. b. The blood tests that would be performed include tests for ABO and Rh group antigen and cross matching. (pp. 654–655) 3. a. Polycythemia accounts for his higher erythrocyte count because of the need to produce more RBCs to increase his O2 binding and transport ability in the high-altitude (thinner air) environment of the Alps. Enhanced production of RBCs was prompted by an increased production of erythropoietin. b. His RBC count will not stay higher than normal because the excess production of RBCs will depress erythropoietin production by the kidneys when adequate levels of O2 are being transported in the blood. (p. 643) 4. Janie’s leukocytes are immature or abnormal and are incapable of defending her body in the usual way. (p. 648) 5. Red bone marrow is the site of hemopoiesis, and if it is destroyed by benzene, hemocytoblasts will not be produced, which will reduce the production of megakaryocytes (the progenitor cells of platelets, which are involved in clotting). p. 638) 6. Tyler is turning out a high rate of reticulocytes (immature red blood cells), which accounts for his high hematocrit. (p. 639) 7. An analysis of the clotting process described in the text should reveal that the two blood proteins are thrombin and fibrinogen. (p. 650) 8. An elevated RBC count could be related to smoking, due to the frequent hypoxia that results from inhalation of oxygen-poor cigarette smoke. (p. 6 43) 9. Aspirin is a mild anticoagulant, which could cause excessive bleeding during or after surgery. (p. 653)

Research Proposal on Reading Skills Essay Example

Research Proposal on Reading Skills Essay Reading skills are the skills which are appropriate for people and say much about their intelligence. Reading is the ability to perceive and understand written or printed symbols called letters. People started writing several thousands of years ago and it was a great development of the human civilization and the revolution in the development of knowledge. When people started to record facts about their life and develop different genres of literature, the necessity of being able to read became really urgent. With the run of time people wrote and printed more and more books and the role of a book became really great. For several centuries the book has been the symbol of wisdom and knowledge. Today every child is taught to read, because without reading he will not manage to live in the human society and achieve something in life. Reading touches upon everything people do. Education, health care, art, law, business, finance, engineering, etc. – everything requires well-developed reading skills. Reading skills appear during the long process of teaching and practice. Children have to read much, especially aloud, to be able to read fast and remember the read information. There are special methods which make the process of teaching reading skills faster and more effective. Special techniques enable one read the whole page for a few seconds and remember the whole data. There are courses which teach people to master such skills. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Reading Skills specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Reading Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Proposal on Reading Skills specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Reading skills influence the general level of human knowledge and intelligence, so children should be taught reading from the early yearly years. A student who has the task to prepare a good research proposal will need to devote much time to the investigation of the topic to understand the nature and aspects of reading, factors which influence reading. When one understands the general points related with reading, he will be able to create his own methods effective for teaching reading skills. If the methods are useful enough, the research proposal can be considered a successful one and will convince the teacher in the importance of the topic. Very often students face a great number of problems when start writing their research proposals and no wonder, because one should organize an interesting and informative paper and persuade the professor that the chosen topic is worth investigation. The web can help students prepare good papers themselves due to the existence of the free example research proposals on reading skills, which possess proper composition and way of conducting the analysis. It is quite easy to find a well-organized free sample research proposal which can help you organize your thoughts in a good way and make proper structure for your paper, which will illustrate your professional skills. *** NOTE! As far as you know free sample research proposals and examples about Reading are 100% plagiarized!!! At EssayLib.com writing service you can order a custom research proposal on Reading Skills topics. Your research paper proposal will be written from scratch. We hire top-rated Ph.D. and Master’s writers only to provide students with professional research proposal help at affordable rates. Each customer will get a non-plagiarized paper with timely delivery. Just visit our website and fill in the order form with all proposal details: Enjoy our professional research proposal writing service!

Air Quality Essays - Aerosols, Air Pollution, Free Essays

Air Quality Essays - Aerosols, Air Pollution, Free Essays Air Quality Air Quality & Dispersion Today, the air quality aspect of ARL research is by far the dominant theme, but distinctions among the themes remain somewhat vague. For example, the models developed for emergency response purposes are among those used for air quality prediction. The Air Quality and Dispersion theme is one of the strongest ties that binds ARL's components together. ARL is not heavily involved in the pure science of the business. Instead, ARL focusses on the need to assemble integrated understanding and models from all available sources, to develop the capability to predict changes in air quality that will follow changes in emissions, or that will occur as a result of meteorological factors. ARL air quality research extends to studies of atmospheric deposition essentially the coupling between the atmospheric pollutant environment and the surface below. ARL now operates the only research-grade deposition monitoring network in the nation: AIRMoN (the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network). Programs. Air Quality and Deposition Modeling Air quality models have demanded this kind of coupling for a considerable time. As a result, there are now well-developed descriptions of PBL processes in use in air quality models. ARL research products are now receiving a wider audience, within the mesoscale modeling community at large. It is recognized that modern models are invariably data assimilative, and that modern monitoring programs require coupled modeling activities for data interpretation. Model development programs are supported by a vigorous physical modeling program, located at Research Triangle Park, NC. ARL operates one of the nation's major fluid modeling facilities, at which studies are conducted on the effects of mountains, buildings, and other surface obstacles on atmospheric flow patterns. Integrated Monitoring, and AIRMoN The Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network is an atmospheric component to the overall national integrated monitoring initiative that is currently evolving. AIRMoN has two principal components: wet and dry deposition. ARL presently focuses its research attention on the measurement of precipitation chemistry with fine time resolution (AIRMoN-wet), the development of systems for measuring deposition, both wet and dry, the measurement of dry deposition using micrometeorological methods (AIRMoN-dry), the development of techniques for assessing air-surface exchange in areas (such as specific watersheds) where intensive studies are not feasible, and the extension of local measurements and knowledge to describe areal average exchange in numerical models. Aerosols and visibility ARL specializes in the geochemical cycling of atmospheric aerosols, particularly the particulate component. Research groups in ARL concentrate on (a) the injection of dust and soil particles into the atmosphere, (b) the transport of particles through the atmosphere, the production of aerosol particles in the air by chemical reactions, (d) the scavenging of airborne particles by clouds and their subsequent deposition in precipitation, (e) the dry deposition of particles as air moves across different landscapes, and (f) the assembly of numerical models. Specific topics include the injection of dust and soil particles into the atmosphere, the long-range transport of particles through the atmosphere, the production of aerosol particles in the air by chemical reactions, the scavenging of airborne particles by clouds and their subsequent deposition in precipitation, and the dry deposition of particles as air moves across different landscapes. International ARL serves as the leader of the U.S. multi-agency effort to impose formalized and uniform quality assurance programs on the many national air quality and deposition monitoring networks that are operational around the globe. How are ozone concentrations calculated with Hysplit? Ozone is then calculated from the photostationary state equation. The IER solution is used in the operational Hysplit ozone calculation. The pollutant particles are tracked and air concentrations for each species are computed each advection time step following the usual lagrangian approaches. At the conclusion of the advection step the GRS differential equations are solved on the concentration grid (Eulerian solution), and the change of concentration of each pollutant species is applied to the pollutant mass on the particles that contributed concentration to each grid cell. -Eulerian chemistry solution on the grid dc/dt = Equations 1 - 7} 1) ROC + hv -* RP + ROC Nitric oxide-ozone titration reaction 5) RP + RP -* RP k5 = 10200 Sink for nitrogen dioxide to stable gaseous nitrates

Francis Bacon on Youth and Age

Francis Bacon on Youth and Age Francis Bacon  was a true Renaissance man- statesman, writer, and philosopher  of science. He is considered the first major English essayist. Professor Brian Vickers has pointed out that Bacon could vary the tempo of argument in order to highlight important aspects. In the essay Of Youth and Age, Vickers notes in the introduction to the Oxford Worlds Classics 1999 edition of The Essays Or Counsels, Civil and Moral  that Bacon uses a most effective variation in tempo, now slowing down, now speeding up, together with syntactical parallelism, in order to characterize the two opposed stages of life.   Of Youth and Age A man that is young in years may be old in ​hours, if he have lost no time. But that happeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the first cogitations, not so wise as the second. For there is a youth in thoughts, as well as in ages. And yet the invention of young men is more lively than that of old, and imaginations stream into their minds better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that have much heat and great and violent desires and perturbations, are not ripe for action till they have passed the meridian of their years; as it was with Julius Caesar, and Septimius Severus. Of the latter of whom it is said, Juventutem egit erroribus, imo furoribus, plenum1. And yet he was the ablest emperor, almost, of all the list. But reposed natures may do well in youth. As it is seen in Augustus Caesar, Cosmus Duke of Florence, Gaston de Foix, and others. On the other side, heat and vivacity in age is an excellent composition for business. Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; f itter for execution than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled business. For the experience of age, in things that fall within the compass of it, directeth them; but in new things, abuseth them. The errors of young men are the ruin of business; but the errors of aged men amount but to this, that more might have been done, or sooner. Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than they can hold; stir more than they can quiet; fly to the end, without consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles which they have chanced upon absurdly; care not to innovate, which draws unknown inconveniences; use extreme remedies at first; and that which doubleth all errors, will not acknowledge or retract them; like an unready horse, that will neither stop nor turn. Men of age object too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and seldom drive business home to the full period, but content themselves with a mediocrity of success. Certainly it is good to compound employments of both; for that will be good for the present, because the virtues of either age may correct the defects of both; and good for succession, that young men may be learners, while men in age are actors; and, lastly, good for extern accidents, because authority followeth old men, and favour and popularit y youth. But for the moral part, perhaps youth will have the pre-eminence, as age hath for the politic. A certain rabbin, upon the text, Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams, inferreth that young men are admitted nearer to God than old, because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream. And certainly, the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the virtues of the will and affections. There be some have an over-early ripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes. These are, first, such as have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned; such as was Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are exceeding subtle; who afterwards waxed stupid. A second sort is of those that have some natural dispositions which have better grace in youth than in age; such as is a fluent and luxuriant speech, which becomes youth well, but not age: so Tully saith of Hortensius, Idem manebat, neq ue idem decebat2. The third is of such as take too high a strain at the first, and are magnanimous more than tract of years can uphold. As was Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith in effect, Ultima primis cedebant3. 1 He passed a youth full of errors, yea of madnesses.2 He continued the same, when the same was not becoming.3 His last actions were not equal to his first.

Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civilization - Essay Example Industrialization started with the mass production of pottery, textiles and metal tools. Writing emerged as a means of communication invented mainly to deal with urban problems of management and book keeping. On the social front, people were grouped into classes based on control of resources, wealth, political authority, family, or religion. By 3000 B.C.E., the Sumerians in south Babylonia (Southern Mesopotamia) founded the oldest cities of Ur, Nippur, and Uruk; the largest city in the world. Quarrels over water and agricultural land led to increased warfare to create kingdoms ruling several city states. The city of Kish in north Babylonia had the first king in history. In the far east of Babylonia, the Akkadians established the first empire in history in the city of Akkade. Sargon, their first king who was the servant of the king of Kish became the first conqueror of history. His grandson, Naram-Sin developed unheard-of wealth and power that he declared himself god and built temples to himself. In 2125 B.C.E., the Sumerians established the third dynasty empire on the foundation of the Akkadian empire. In 1792 B.C.E. King Hammurabi created a kingdom to embrace most of Mesopotamia. At 1600 B.C.E., the Babylonian kingdom fell apart by invasions from the Hittites, Hurrians, and Kassites. Ingredients of civilization were ... Their language consisted of thousands of characters that represented words and some sounds. In ancient Egypt, the hieroglyphics language was invented to involve hundreds of picture signs, each representing one, two or three sounds to mean a word or category. Text was written horizontally from right to left or left to right, or vertically from top to bottom in both horizontal directions. Another ingredient of culture is social change. In ancient Egypt, black Africans from Nubia and Asians from the east were captured in war and brought back to Egypt as slaves. Sometimes entire people were slaved as the Hebrews according to the Bible. Slaves performed domestic services, labored in fields with the peasants, worked as policemen or soldiers as they also labored to erect the great temples and monuments of Egypt. They could be freed by in most occasions they were not. In Mesopotamia there were two main types of slavery: chattel and debt slavery. Chattel slaves were bought like property and had no legal rights as they were easily recognized by their hair style or tattoo on their arm. They were non-Mesopotamians bought from slave merchants or imprisoned during war. Chattel slaves were mainly used in domestic services rather than fieldwork. Debt slave were more common than chattel slaves. They were declared slaves when members of family were declared as surety of a loan where they have to labor to pay the interest on the loan. They could not be sold and they are redeemed free once the debt is paid off. However slaves had little legal protection and could buy his or her freedom. Hammurabi's Law Code revealed the classes of people of nobles, commoners, and slaves, who were not treated equally. Women in Mesopotamia could

Virtual Working Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Virtual Working Teams - Essay Example Peru is highly collectivist, in which decision-making is trusted and valued with group emphasis (geert-hofstede.com, 2). France is highly individualistic, valuing rewards and recognition for individual accomplishment of that of group affiliation and group-based norms (geert-hofstede.com, 2); the same is true for the United States. Egyptian protocols are highly social even in the business environment (Dunn, 1). As part of expatriate training, managers will be provided exceptional literature on cultural dimensions to assist in locating top talent for the virtual team role in each geographical region. Training will consist of literature and software scenarios based on customer relationship management principles and corporate social responsibility related to government interaction and business leadership. Training will further consist of inter-dependent group methodologies in the form of role play exercises to highlight scenario responses in a virtual environment. Skype and other streaming software will assist in this development with the HR manager in the U.S. who will observe and recommend solutions based on testing scores and expatriate management assessment. For issues of cost reduction, cloud computing will be the majority of software support. This system provides access to CRM software over the Internet with pay-per-use access (Burns, 11). This will avoid the need for a defined, individualized information technology support system. Communications between teams will occur via existing e-mail systems (i.e. Lotus Notes), streaming video, and teleconferencing. These are effective systems for real-time project communications. However, a recent study using a sample of 42 interviewed virtual team members from 26 different organizations indicated that face-to-face discussion is required in order to gain commitment and build productivity (Dube & Robey, 18). To facilitate this need, key personnel

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay Example for Free

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay Although there are many differences that set art and science apart, they share one undeniable commonality. This bond that is present between what is otherwise considered as polar opposites is mathematics. As shown in Professor Vesna’s lecture, mathematics is imperative to the development of art. Through math, artists have come to understand perspective, proportion, and geometrics. In terms of science, mathematics is the foundation which every theory stands upon. Nature, humans, and the digital world would have been impossible to comprehend without numbers to bridge the gap between the unknown and the understood. Truly, mathematics is ubiquitous and continues to prove its importance to this day. A novel amalgamation that consists of mathematics, art, and science is music. Milkman, an artist of the mash-up genre, is a musician that samples different songs and digitally combines them to form a brand new track. In a way, his work is described as an example of cross synthesis or convultion which according to Burk is some aspect of one sound superimposed on another. To harmoniously combine two different songs, one must fully understand every possible correlation in terms of rhythm, melody, and lyrics. And with mathematics and science making the technology available, the art of mashing up songs has become readily accessible and requires only creativity to create the next hit single. Mathematics has almost an infinite range of applications in society today. For example, Robert Lang presents mathematics as part of the core that drives origami, the art of folding paper. Lang shows that complexity is irrelevant; with mathematics to dictate origami, anything can be shaped. Because of its practicality of compacting large things, origami is used in various sectors of science which include telescope lens packing and heart stents. Another example of math’s prevalence is Theo Jansen’s presentation on his kinetic sculptures. His biological art, able to move independently, essentially redefines the wheel. Not only is it artistic but also it is a masterpiece of engineering; just a simple push can propel a massively heavy structure across difficult terrain. It is evident that math not only facilitates the evolution of artistic creations but also helps apply them as potential solutions to problems of today.

Essay --

When people fall asleep, their minds are taken on a journey beyond their control. They sleep through the night and dream for a small fraction of the time, yet dreams feel as if they last for hours, because of the combination of overlapping events, abnormal situations, and extraordinary details. Some people find meaningful interpretations of dreams, while others reject the idea that dreams are relevant to reality. Even though the true purpose of a dream is arguable, people can still benefit from them. Journalism allows a people to extract their dreams from their subconscious state of mind. The concept of a dream journal is to keep record of dreams as they occur. It allows a person to easily retrieve dreams in the past rather than attempting to do so from memory. It is fascinating how imaginative people are during their dreams, yet they struggle to be creative in their writing. Dream journals train the incorporation of creativity and detail in writing and consist of various stories tha t can be either confusing or insightful. Because dreams have numerous features, it is necessary to write down every detail. If one is experiencing trouble using details in personal writing, then dream journals will work in his or her favor, especially if used daily. A person’s writing skills improve due to forming a habit of recalling and recording details. During my sophomore year of high school, my friend Jacob and I had a conversation about lucid dreaming. He described to me that lucid dreaming was the ability to control oneself in a dream. He further explained that I could train myself to experience lucid dreams by keeping track of my dreams in a journal. This conversation sparked my curiosity and I immediately began experimenting. The next morning... ...xtraordinary mental processes such as dreams† (p. 525). A direct relationship exists between creativity and dream recall. The more creativity a person develops, the easier recalling dreams will be. The more dream recall a person does, the easier being creative becomes. Dreams give us access to a world where any scenario is possible. Most dreams may not make sense, but they are really vivid. Imaginations do not disappear when wake up, therefore creativity exists in everyone. Keeping a dream journal is a way to implicate creativity into a person’s everyday life, specifically in his or her writing. After analyzing my personal experience along with Kimberly’s and professional studies, it is evident that dream journaling has a positive influence in creative writing. This proven relationship can be taken advantage of by those interested in improving their writing skills.

The Fault in Our Stars Reflective Response

The Fault in our Stars Reflective Response People have a wide range of philosophies and beliefs on how they should live their lives. The anticipated approach in which they should confront their fears, their challenges, and their daily decisions varies greatly from the true outcomes. Many people are hopefully to become the idea of greatness they envision and Gus being a romantically oriented person obsessed over the idea of becoming Hazel’s knight in shining armor. Learning of his impending death put him in the same position as Hazel.He could now understand the psychological effects of living life on the true edge, not knowing what the next day will bring for yourself or those around you. In his letter, Gus takes on a tone of disparity due to his realization of human inconsistencies. He understands the conflicting ideas of human emotion and the truthful brutality of reality. Being split between his own hopes of leaving a mark and his acceptance that â€Å"like doctors say: Fir st, do no harm† (312) Gus accepts the outcomes with reservation.Due to the relationship and emotional attachment between Gus and Hazel, Hazel’s beliefs create a slight bias that has great effect on giving of living on the edge he now sees the world as Hazel views it. Gus now is split between his own ideas of romanticism, which is apparent when he continues to bring up true heroism, yet his situation directs him towards the true analytical understanding of the world. In a final attempt to do what matters Gus’ true nature of romanticism emerges. Though his mind is convinced to accept that the less the splash the better he clearly wants to make that impression deep down.For Hazel he attempts to continue her vision of him being her knight in shining armor by showing her even after death he is there to love her. Gus is the true example of internal conflict in a male’s mind. The rationality and emotional connections to values become entangled and confused. As al l humans in a period of crisis they begin to understand the true nature of their personalities, but become removed from the blissful ignorance of the world in order to lessen their damaging effect.The indecisiveness and confusion that Gus has at the time of writing his letter is a universal response to insecurity and hopelessness. In many situations of bleakness I myself have been torn between making the instinctual protective decision or the ethical response in which others are spared of impairment. It is unclear what the right course of action is in order to benefit both yourself and others, but in terms of personality I feel that I compare closely to what Gus tries to be.I know that he wants to be a good person that works for the benefit of others, but at the same time his own hopes influence his actions so that he can be seen as a martyr. After sorting through his thoughts Gus finally decides that making a difference is Hazel’s life is the most important thing that he can do in his limited time. By adopting and living her ideas he provides her a sense of unity with him even after he is gone. Gus’ letter reveals more than just about his own internalizations.His thoughts give secondary support to Hazel’s and maintain relevance to the reader because of its universality. In terms of the novel Gus’ letter provides the reader with an applicable question to think about. Many people wonder if they’re making a difference in the world, but few people understand what it means to make a difference, but seeing things in a relatively unaltered view allows the reader to connect with the ideas, emotions, and thoughts Green was attempting to communicate.Gus’ letter also illustrates the two-sidedness of the world. As Gus says â€Å"a desert blessing, an ocean curse† (313) perspective changes the impact of everything. Even the few things in the universe that remain constant are not always consistent. In the end Gus becomes to heroic romantic martyr that he dreams of becoming although he wished for things to have happened differently for his own purposes. Gus makes his choices at he says at the end of the letter and he like all those who search for happiness are able to attain it.

Nation under God Essay

The argument regarding the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance is not a new one. In fact, this argument stems from the long standing principle of separation between the church and the state which is embodied in the First Amendment of the United States constitution. Under this principle, the government and the church are to be kept separate from each other. The government is prohibited from encouraging or advancing any of the interests of a single religion. This means that the government cannot promote a single religion or impose upon its people which religion to follow (Clark 1965). It is a blanket prohibition that prevents the government from intervening in the religious beliefs of people. The second aspect of this principle recognizes that the government will invariably have to deal with religious institutions one way or the other (Clark 1965). The doctrine on the separation of church and state therefore also regulates the dealings between the church and state such that there should only be a minimal and incidental interference from the government. This is also known as the rule on excessive entanglement between the church and the state. The problem with the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance is considered as a violation of the doctrine on the separation of the church and state because many religious groups claim that the use of the term God favors the Christian religion which prominently uses the term God for the Supreme Being. Other groups on the other hand argue that the word God as used in the Pledge of Allegiance is not an advancement of the Christian religion but rather an acknowledgment of some higher being that is common to all religions. This short discourse will seek to shed more light on the issue of the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance. The first part will cover the historical background of the insertion of the word God in an attempt to understand the original meaning of the word God as used in the Pledge of Allegiance. The next segments will cover the points of view from the perspective of the state as contrasted to the perspective of the church on the issue. Historical Background of the Insertion of the Word God: There has been a lot of controversy surrounding the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance particularly with its mandatory recitation in the public school classrooms. Most of controversy revolves around the use of the phrase â€Å"under God. † It was not until June 14, 1954 however that this highly contested phrase was inserted (Whitsitt 1896). The original tenor of the pledge of allegiance which was created by Francis Bellamy on September 7, 1892 read as follows: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Historical Changes of the Pledge of Allegiance 1892: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † 1892 to 1923: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † 1923 to 1954: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † 1954 to Present: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation under God, indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † The original tenor of the Pledge of Allegiance did not contain any reference to any deity whatsoever. In response to this, the Knights of Columbus of New York City urged the assemblies to insert a reference to a deity since they felt that it was incomplete without one. The deity to which the Knights of Columbus referred to was the same one that was referred to in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address (Whitsitt 1896). The words â€Å"under God† as used in Lincoln’s address, according to the Knights of Columbus, was the most appropriate one to add to the Pledge of Allegiance. It is important to note however that the phrase â€Å"under God† was never contained in the original text of the Gettysburg Address. By April 22 of the year 1951, the Board of Directors of the Knights of Columbus formally adopted a resolution to amend the recitation of Pledge of Allegiance by the members of the Knights of Columbus at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words â€Å"under God† after the words â€Å"one nation† (Whitsitt 1896). It was not long before the whole organization had adopted the same resolution as the idea spread throughout the other Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution at its annual meeting recommending the that the change in the Pledge of Allegiance be made universal and soon petitions and copies of the resolution were sent to the Office of the President, the Vice President, who was the Presiding Officer of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. While the attempts of the Knights of Columbus were unsuccessful, they were able to convince a majority of the relevance of inserting such a phrase and soon the movement began to gain momentum (Whitsitt 1896). It was not until Senator Homer Ferguson who in his report to the United States Congress on March 10, 1954 that the movement had begun to make significant progress. In this privileged speech, Senator Ferguson said, â€Å"The introduction of this joint resolution was suggested to me by a sermon given recently by the Rev. George M. Docherty, of Washington, D. C. , who is pastor of the church at which Lincoln worshipped. † By this time Congress concurred with the Oakman-Ferguson resolution, and Eisenhower opted to sign the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954. The rationale for the approval and adoption of the phrase â€Å"under God† was clarified by President Eisenhower in a letter which he wrote in August of 1954 (Bradley 1996). These words [â€Å"under God†] will remind Americans that despite our great physical strength we must remain humble. They will help us to keep constantly in our minds and hearts the spiritual and moral principles which alone give dignity to man, and upon which our way of life is founded. This was actually taken from the sermon of Docherty to which President Eisenhower had taken a great interest in (Whitsitt 1896). It was eventually published by Harper & Bros. in New York in 1958 and President Eisenhower took the opportunity to write to Dr. Docherty with gratitude for the opportunity to once again read the fateful sermon. Finally, on Flag Day, June 14, 1954, Congress passed the legislation that add the phrase â€Å"under God† to the Pledge of Allegiance. At this point, it can be argued that the insertion of the word God into the Pledge of Allegiance was actually motivated by some religious influence, particularly the Christian religion. In order to have a better understanding of the issue at hand however it is important to briefly examine the import of the doctrine of the Separation of the Church and the State. Doctrine of the Separation of Church and State: The phrase, â€Å"separation of Church and State†, is actually from a letter that was written by one of the founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, to a group that called themselves the Danbury Baptists. In the letter, Thomas Jefferson wrote that, â€Å"I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. † This was of course in reference to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution (Whitsitt 1896). The basic precept of this doctrine is founded on a firm belief that religion and state should be separate. It covers a very wide spectrum, as mentioned in the previous sections of this discussion, ranging from the secularization or elimination of the church to theocracy wherein the state works in tandem with a religion in order to govern over the acts of people (Bradley 1996). The Secularist Perspective: The secularist perspective is that the state should be kept distant from religion and that, in the same vein, the religious institutions should also be free from any governmental interferences. This follows the second aspect of the Doctrine of the Separation of Church and State that dictates that there should be no entanglement between the Church and the State (Bradley 1996). In this perspective, the government is prohibited from citing the authority or influence of a specific religious institution for the justification of its authority (Bradley 1996). While there are some governments that claim religious justifications for their powers such as the Muslim states, the justification for such is based on the emphasis of the relationship for ceremonial and rhetorical purposes only. The acts done by the government are not meant to further the cause of any single religion but are actually for the general welfare and the benefit of the state. The state therefore does not conform to any particular religious doctrine but in fact caters to its own doctrine as mandated by the will of the people and of the Constitution (Clark 1965). Acts such as exemptions from taxation or providing funds for education and charities, though viewed as supporting religion, are in fact welfare based or â€Å"faith based† according to secularists. This reflects the view that temporal authority and spiritual authority should properly operate in complimentary spheres. The spheres where they overlap such as in moral values or property rights are areas where neither should take authority over the other but should instead offer a framework in which society can work these issues out without subjugating a religion to the state or vice versa (Bradley 1996).

Translating “May” to Spanish

Translating â€Å"May† to Spanish The English auxiliary verb may is commonly used in at least three different ways, and each of them is translated to Spanish differently: When ‘May’ Expresses Possibility Probably the most common use of may is to express possibility. In this way, the meaning is often roughly the same as the auxiliary verb might. This can be translated in different ways, but typically the Spanish would require the use of a verb in the subjunctive mood. Note how there is no single word in the following sample sentences that means may. The sentence in parentheses following the Spanish translation is a literal translation of the Spanish and should have roughly the same meaning as the original English sentence. They may make a new version of the book. (Es posible que hagan una nueva versià ³n del libro. It is possible that they will make a new version of the book.)She may be pregnant. (Es posible que està © embarazada. It is possible that she is pregnant.)There may be more than one for each person. (Tal vez haya ms de una para cada persona. Perhaps there is more than one for each person.)We may go to Cozumel for our honeymoon. (Posiblemente vayamos a pasar nuestra luna de miel a Cozumel. Possibly we will go to spend our honeymoon in Cozumel.)There may be 50 million of us in 2015. (Quiz seamos 50 millones en 2015. Maybe we will be 50 million in 2015.)She may not leave. (Puede que no salga. It can be that she doesnt leave.) A key, then, when translating to Spanish is to think of an alternative way to get the idea of may across. You can find other ways of translating this usage of may in this lesson on translating maybe. Note that in most cases there are several translations that would work, so your choice often will depend on context and the tone of voice you wish to use. When ‘May’ Is Used Used for Asking Permission May is commonly used when seeking permission to perform such action, or when giving permission. Generally, the verb poder gets the idea across well: May I go to the concert tonight? ( ¿Puedo ir al concierto esta noche?)Yes, you may go. (Sà ­, puedes ir.)May we get more information about our account? ( ¿Podemos obtener otra informacià ³n sobre nuestra cuenta?)If you have any questions, you may call me. (Si tienes preguntas, puedes llamarme.) Although in formal English speech a distinction is sometimes made between may and can, there is no need to make such a distinction in Spanish, as poder functions for both meanings. The verb permitir can also be used: May I smoke? ( ¿Me permite fumar? Literally, am I permitted to smoke?)May I visit the house? ( ¿Me permitieron ustedes visitar la casa?)May I leave tonight? (Me permites salir esta noche.) When ‘May’ Expresses Desire Although not especially common, may can be used to express a wish or desire. Sentences with that usage typically can be translated to a sentence beginning with que followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood: May he rest in peace. (Que en paz descanse.)May you live for many more years. (Que vivas muchos aà ±os ms.)May you have many more years of life! ( ¡Que tengas muchos aà ±os ms de vida!) Sentences such as these can also be translated using ojal que. May it rain tomorrow. (Ojal que llueva maà ±ana.)May you have many children. (Ojal que tengas muchos hijos.) ‘May’ in Sayings Some set phrases have meanings that often cant be translated word for word and need to be learned individually: Be that as it may. (Aunque asà ­ sea.)Come what may. (Pase lo que pase.)Devil-may-care attitude. (Actitud arriesgada/temeraria.)May I help you? ( ¿En quà © puedo servirle?)We may as well study. (Ms vale que estudiemos.) The Month of May The Spanish word for the month of May is mayo. Note that in Spanish the names of the months  arent capitalized. Key Takeaways When may is used to indicate that something is possible, the translation often uses the subjunctive mood.When may is used for seeking permission, it can often be translated using a form of the verb poder or permitir.When may is used to express some types of desire, it can often be translated using a sentence that begins with que or ojal que and is followed by a subjunctive verb.

Two Inverted Idioms

Two Inverted Idioms Two Inverted Idioms Two Inverted Idioms By Maeve Maddox As the residents of my state prepared for a cold front, one of the local television anchors remarked, We are in store for a big chill. His meaning was that extremely cold weather was about to descend upon us, but that is not what he said. The word store in the idiom â€Å"in store for† means, â€Å"a stock of something laid up for future use.† Figuratively speaking, events or conditions (like a cold front) are â€Å"in store for† those who will experience them in the future. The people of the state were not in store for the big chill. The big chill was in store for the people of the state. Here are some examples from the Web that get it right: More Snow in Store for Turkey, Jerusalem This Weekend The New Congress: What’s In Store for Natural Health? That same television anchorman, reporting news about two businessmen, said, They’re in the works of opening up two new restaurants. The businessmen are not â€Å"in the works†; the two new restaurants are â€Å"in the works.† One meaning of works (noun) is â€Å"the working parts of a machine.† For example, one removes the back of a clock to reveal the works inside. â€Å"In the works† is a figurative expression meaning â€Å"being prepared† or â€Å"in development.† The processes or stages of getting something done are being compared to the workings of a machine. Here are some examples from the Web in which the expression is used correctly: A new big solar panel farm in the works in California Beamdog confirms that a new Baldurs Gate game is in the works Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousWhen to Spell Out Numbers

Part 1 3000 word lit review part 2 2000 word research proposal Essay

Part 1 3000 word lit review part 2 2000 word research proposal - Essay Example These falls have led to serious injuries in the elderly such as fractures of the hip and other skeletal parts (Daley & Spinks, 2000; Tinetti, et al., 1997). Falls have also led to lowered confidence and a fear of falling that has caused persons to remain sedentary, putting them at risk for other illnesses (Fortinsky et al., 2004). Studies have sought to ascertain the factors that contribute to falls in the elderly, and of these, most have been connected with strength and balance (Lord, Ward & Williams, 1999; Gardner, Robertson & Campbell, 2000). Problems with strength and balance have been shown to be the major contributors to the instability of the elderly (Rubenstein, 2004; Gardner, Robertson & Campbell, 2000). Strength and power reduction are characteristics of ageing that lead to a loss of functional balance and confidence (Hunter et al., 2004). In fact, balance depends on an intricate interaction of several of the body's systems: musculo-skeletal, nervous, vestibular, and visual (Gauchard et al., 1999; Lemmer et al., 1999; Carter et al., 2002). Both strength and balance can be thought of as having a bearing on the body's the ability to maintain posture, and posture can be defined as the proper positioning of each body part in relation to another (Pajala et al., 2004; Lord, Ward, & Williams, 1996). The somatosensory system is responsible for providing the central nervous system with information about the body's position through proprioceptors contained inside the muscles (Anderson, 2002; Islam, 2004; Lord, et al., 1996) . Yet the functioning of these balance components is shown to decline with age (Lord et al., 1994; Thelen et al., 1996; Judge, 2003). Exercise interventions of the form of proprioceptive and strength-training exercises have been cited as having the ability to reverse or slow many of these effects of ageing. In fact, it has been strongly suggested by research that older persons who are physically active display better sensori-motor and balance skills than their inactive counterparts (Toulotte et al., 2003; Lemmer et al., 2000; Hunter et al., 2004). Though many researchers have studied the combined impact of these exercises on functional balance, much needs to be researched on the impact each has individually on functional ability. Further than that, what studies have had to say on confidence levels of the elderly following intervention is also of importance and has often been overlooked. Veteran researchers such as Lord et al. (1996) and Brown et al. (2002) have demonstrated the benefit of these exercises, yet without separating them to isolate the effects of each. Other research done by Gauchard et al. (1999) has performed this separation, yet without the use of clinically tested interventions. Still others have employed good interventions and measures, but implemented exercises for far too short a period to achieve truly significant results (Carter et al., 2001). It is the purpose of this study to further critique the literature explored on both types of therapy for the prevention of falling in the elderly. It will consider exercise interventions that employ both resistance and proprioceptive activities in an attempt to locate areas in which definite conclusions have been achieved, as well as to locate areas in which improvements can be made to achieve better results. It will then use the information gained to design, implement and evaluate the outcome of a specifi c lower limb proprioception exercise programme and

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 22

Case study - Essay Example r, it is a popular belief amongst experts from the industry that GE should bring change – change in people handling and change in the approach to work at GE. The million dollar question then arises: What is GE doing wrong despite such huge training investments and what area does it need to concentrate on to improve the current working attitude of its people. These questions can only be answered by exploring the approach that GE’s CEO Mr. Jeffrey R. Immelt has adopted to deal with his employees. G.E has a centralized organizational structure. The article mentions that executive recruiter Peter Crist says companies that once poached GE talent now look beyond it to alternatives such as Danaher (DHR), United Technologies (UTX), and even Tyco (TYC), which are viewed as "decentralized, sophisticated, and young." Jeff Immelt practices a democratic style of leadership and the leadership theory that he follows is a traits theory. The quote that best supports the approach says: ‘within GE, the talk is about the new traits leaders will need to thrive, a subject thats reviewed every five years. "We are working on 21st century attributes," explains Chief Learning Officer Susan Peters.’ The above quote shows that human traits are given more importance and Immelt strongly believes that there are some common traits shared by all leaders and that these can be learnt at the Crotonville Management Center. Moreover, the dinner weekends that Immelt organizes and the focus that he has started to give to his employees also support that he practices a democratic form of leadership. Immelt seems to be making both programmed and non programmed decisions as on one side he is only following the old and timed practices of GE’s human resource management, but on the other side he is experimenting with his new ideas of bonding with his employees. Instead of bringing out a change in how employees are trained he believes that what GE has been doing is in the best interest of its

To what extent did domestic political considerations shape the Johnson Essay

To what extent did domestic political considerations shape the Johnson administrations conduct of the war in Vietnam, 196568 - Essay Example This rapid change of attitudes to the war raises a number of questions. The most important of them is, perhaps, how the USA domestic affairs affected the inclination of the war in Vietnam. Apparently, President's Lyndon Johnson decision to take the United States into a large-scale in Vietnam could not be completely understood without the assessment of domestic political issues and considerations in 1960s. In this project, I will examine all domestic sources of forces as well as forces themselves that shaped to one or either way, Johnson's administration conduct of the Vietnam War. Respectively, I will focus on the 1965-1968 period of the War known as "Escalation and Americanization of Vietnam"4. While analyzing this period of War, I will evaluate the influence of Johnson's administration that determined Presidents' decisions of deployment of combat troops in July 1965, escalation of troops' involvement in 1967, and Johnson's decision to limit the bombing of Vietnam as well as his later decision not to seek reelection. Historically, there are two dominant approaches in analysis of Johnson's administration decision making regarding Vietnam War5. ... Historically, there are two dominant approaches in analysis of Johnson's administration decision making regarding Vietnam War5. One approach emphasizes Johnsons and his administration's irrationality and isolation from critique that consequently resulted in disastrous decisions about Vietnam. This approach describes Johnson as a single-minded "hawk" and extremely ambitious President reluctant to listen to the experts' views6. The second approach implies that Johnson had an access to the full range of information about Vietnam from diverse points of view, particularly from his foreign policy advisers: McGeorge Bundy, Dean Rusk, Walter Rostow and Robert McNamara, as well as from more informal ones78. This view provides a more rational view of Johnson, though makes him a hostage of his informants9. Another question under concern is the extent, to which domestic issues determined Johnson's decisions about Vietnam. In the other words, how domestic economy ("economic crisis" of 1968), growing Congressional opposition, shaping of public opinion and public riots (pacifists' movements), rapid loss of Johnson popularity, etc. determined the way of Vietnam War conduct. As Barrett (1993) believes, this "Vietnam dilemma" has significantly influenced generations of historians and political scientists10. Gulf of Tonkin incident and beginning of Johnson's Vietnam War era Until the August of 2004 Vietnam War was rather a local conflict than an issue, which further preoccupied the minds of average Americans in late 1960s. However, the attacks of Northern Vietnamese on American navies on August 2-4, 1964 prompted the large-scale involvement of American troops in the country. It is still debatable, whether Vietnamese indeed attacked US

Teaching Strategies to Improve NCLEX Passing Rate

Teaching Strategies to Improve NCLEX Passing Rate Yamilka Pichardo Abstract The 5 articles reports different teaching and learning strategies used in nursing students  and their evaluation. The strategies described here are based on Humanistic theory, and the author of the five of them uses Abraham Maslow humanist theorist as a reference. Key Words Nclex, Teaching Strategies, Success. Introduction Humanistic Theory as applied to learning is largely constructivist and emphasizes cognitive and affective process. It address people‘s capabilities and potentialities as they make certain choice and seek control over their lives. (schunk et al.,2008) Maslow’s theory emphasizes motivation to develop one‘s full potential, he also believe that human actions are unified by being directed toward goal attainment. His Hierarchy of needs can help teachers understand students and create an environment to enhance learning. It’s unrealistic to expect students to show interest in classroom activities if they have physiological or safety deficiencies. (Maslow 1968, 1970) Literature Review Title: Teaching around the cycle: strategies for teaching theory to undergraduate nursing students. Author: Nancy A. Flanagan and Linda McCausland The Idea of this article is to incorporate a variety of teaching techniques, with this pedagogy students are encourage to recognize and cope with numerous ways of acquiring information. A teaching technique applied to teaching nursing theory in an undergraduate nursing program is presented. This technique acknowledges a variety of learning styles to facilitate student learning. Activities highlight the importance of acquiring a variety of knowledge acquisition and information-processing skills required in a profession. Students use critical thinking, communication, group process, and research analysis skills to learn and apply information about theory. Method: The methods and activities have been developed over four years and implemented in small classes of eight students and in classes as large as 140 students with equal success. Understanding nursing theory requires critical and complex thought process, the more advanced theory knowledge and cognitive skills of application analysis, synthesis and evaluation are facilitated through active collaborative strategies featuring faculty and student interaction. A nurse theorist outline developed by the instructor serves as study guide and assist student with subsequent class activities. THE THEORY GAME 🙠 Board game/ Case studies) Gaming is a technique that requires active learning and collaborative cooperative learning strategies with a group. The game is design to increase student familiarity with new abstract theoretical content and reinforces student knowledge. Evaluation: The journal article evaluation and case study / care plan activities were added to the curriculum, since then summative evaluation, measured by quiz grades has improve, these finding are consistent with educational theory on active learning strategies that incorporate group collaboration through gaming analysis and case study. (Nancy A. Flanagan and Linda McCausland, Nov/ Dec 2007) Title: Learning Nursing Concepts through Television Programs Author: Raines, Deborah A The Idea: These activities are designed to engage students and to facilitate their developing understanding of nursing concepts and behaviors. The following are just a few examples of how television programs can be used to teach nursing concept and behavior in an Introduction to nursing course early in the curriculum. Engaging students while developing an understanding of nursing concept is a challenge to nurse educators. In nursing education, one of the primary pedagogical goals is to ensure students develop a set of analytical and critical thinking skills to be safe and efficient nurses in the practice setting. Instructors and textbooks try to structure case studies for teaching, but these activities can be sterile and lack the richness and the uniqueness of getting to know others in a nursing situation. Audiovisual images, such as television programs, compress complex stories into rich, visually intense images and bring situations to life in a more powerful way than the traditional lecture approach does. Method: Students are asked to find clips of the four main characters from Seinfeld (Seinfeld, Mehlmanard, Gross, Greenburg, 1989) to demonstrate the principles of Maslows hierarchy of needs. Students assess and analyze each characters behavior in relationship to Maslows levels. Through the years, programs have been based on the concept of family. Segments can be shown as a montage of programs clips to reveal the changing meaning of family, differing family types and structures over time, or to compare and contrast the variety of ways families cope with a particular situation. Soap operas such as General Hospital (Hursley Hursley, 1963) and All My Children (Nixon, 1970) have many scenes involving nurses in hospitals Segments from these programs showing nurses in action can illustrate teachable moments on a variety of topics including professional appearance and comportment, interdisciplinary collaboration and communication, the role of the nurse, and nurse-patient interaction, as well as the concept of professional boundaries. Evaluation: Student response has been overwhelmingly positive. The activity generates significant discussion, and even a little laughter, among class members. The use of familiar television programs situations and characters to introduce beginning nursing students to new concept associated with the study of nursing provides a way for them to begin to build a knowledge base and to see the dynamic nature of nursing concept as applied to a variety of situations (Raines, Deborah A Mar 2010): 173-4. Title: How Can I Fail the NCLEX-RN ® With a 3.5 GPA? Approaches to Help This Unexpected High-Risk Group. Author: Rollant, Paulette Desmaske Idea: This article describes two self-report inventories useful for tracking and predicting risk for failure or success on tests and the NCLEX-RN Most of these studies focus on objective data, such as preadmissions standards, progression examinations, overall grade point average, course grades, and comprehensive examinations. Significant correlations were found between success on the NCLEX-RN and five factors: cumulative nursing program grade point average, English as the primary language spoken at home, lack of family responsibilities or demands, lack of emotional distress, and sense of competency in critical thinking. The journal provides information on predictors and tools to identify students who are at risk for failure on the NCLEX-RN. It also indicates the importance of other factors such as fatigue and anxiety on passing the NCLEX-RN. Method: The Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) a self-report scale, measures individual differences in test anxiety as a situation-specific trait. This one-page test contains 20 items that asks respondents to indicate how frequently they experience specific symptoms of anxiety before, during, and after examinations. The subscales also assess worry and emotionality as major components of test anxiety (Spielberger et al., 1990). The Learning Assessment Study Skills Inventory (LASSI) is an 80item assessment of students awareness about and their use of learning and study strategies. The results are related to the skill, will, and self-regulation components of strategic learning. This valid and reliable assessment inventory contains 10 scales: stress, attitude, motivation, concentration, self testing, time management, test-taking skills, anxiety, information processing, and study aids. Evaluation: All of these methods are taken from the 5 Cs for Test Success model (Rollant, 2006). The final action is to help students identify tools to use when they do not know. Using these strategies, educators can open the pathway to success for students at potential risk for test failure. (Rollant, Paulette Desmaske) Title: Teaching Critical Thinking in an introductory leadership course utilizing active learning strategies: A confirmatory Author: Burbach, Mark E, Matkin, Gina, Susan M Idea: Critical Thinking is often seen as a universal goal of higher education but is seldom confirmed as an outcome. This study was conducted to determine whether an introductory level college leadership course encouraged active learning increased critical thinking skills. (Journal writing, service learning, small groups, scenarios, case study, and questioning). Method: A pre- and post-assessment of critical thinking skills was conducted using the Watson-Glaser Appraisal. An integrative studies course is intended to engage students in actively developing their ability and desire to analyze, evaluate, and communicate complex material and positions. One objective of the studies is to enhance critical thinking through a variety of approaches in which students investigate arguments, engage in research, gather data, perform qualitative and quantitative analysis, and assess conclusions. The underlying philosophy of this article is that improvements in interpersonal skills for leadership are an interactive function of increased self awareness, increased understanding of others, and learning from life experiences. To engage students in critical thinking, active learning methods (e.g. Meyers Jones, 1993) are emphasized in this class. For example, a service-learning project is required. Students are encouraged to work in an area that is outside of their previous range of experiences. An attempt is made to expose them to new perspectives and/or different cultural experiences. The project comprises a large portion of the each students final grade. Instructor-mediated reaction journals to complement classroom activities and the service-learning project are also required. Classroom activities include small group projects involving contextual scenarios, case studies, role-plays, and student presentations. Socratic questioning between instructors and students is strongly encouraged. Reflective journal writing can improve critical thinking as well as growth in self-awareness and self-actualization (Maslow, 1979) and the development of new knowledge (Boyd Fales, 1983), also can increase student learning and promote meaningful personal insights more than lecture and reading assignments (ConnorGreene, 2000; Mayo, 2003a, 2003b; Seshachari, 1994). Journal writing helps students to document observations, question, speculate, develop self-awareness, synthesize ideas, and gain insights for problem-solving (de Acosta, 1995). Evidence derived from case studies suggests that the development of critical thinking is likely to be linked to an emphasis on writing and rewriting (Tsui, 2002). Evaluation: As a result significant increases were found in the Deduction and Interpretation subtests, and total critical thinking. Student engagement in active learning techniques within the context of studying interpersonal skills for leadership appeared to increase critical thinking. Although it was not possible to determine which of the active learning strategies had the greatest impact on improving students critical think skills (journal writing, service learning, small groups, scenarios, case study, and questioning). (Burbach, Mark E; Matkin, Gina S; Fritz, Susan M) Title: Rx for NCLEX-RN Success: Reflections on Development of an Effective Preparation Process for Senior Baccalaureate Students Author: March, Karen S; Ambrose, Janice M Idea: This article highlights the process employed to support and facilitate student preparation for NCLEX-RN success strategies to augment student self-confidence, enhancement of critical thinking skills, self-assessment of test-taking abilities, and development of a feasible study plan utilizing learned effective study techniques and the acknowledgment of barriers and identification of specific methods to overcome them. Method ASSESSMENT: Early assessment of the situation involved a review of the senior-year curriculum, including preparation for the NCLEX-RN examination. For many years, students had been required to take a paper and- pencil end-of-program examination; students reported experiencing unexpected challenges when confronted with the computerized format of the actual examination. PLANNING/ IMPLEMENTATION: Early in 2004, faculty began to investigate options for computerized exit examinations. During the process, consideration of both Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Hertzbergs Motivational Theory (Benson Dundis, 2003; Jones, 2007) meant that faculty sought an examination that would challenge students intellectually and offer useful feedback, yet could be administered in the nursing computer lab, an environment that provided assurance for students safety and security needs. Helping students manage their levels of anxiety was considered essential to helping them strive toward self-actualization passing the NCLEX-RN on the first attempt. COURSE MODIFICATION: The Nursing Leadership course was adapted to meet the changing needs of senior students. The course had always covered a range of topics, Including ethics, legal issues in nursing, conflict resolution, and change. The new goal was to strengthen the existing topics and include leadership and management theories, Evaluation of Outcomes: The proactive approach described in this article has already yielded measurable outcomes in the form of improved first-time pass rates on the licensure examination. 91% of graduates passed the exam on the first attempt between October 2005 and September 2006; 94 % passed between October 2006 and September 2007; 91 % passed between October 2007 and September 2008; and 94.9 % passed between October 2008 and September 2009. (March, Karen S; Ambrose, Janice M(Jul/Aug 2010 230-2) Conclusions In general all the articles describe different strategies and evaluation to improve learning skills and test passing scores. Research supports the incorporation of evidence-based educational strategies to promote success on the NCLEX-RN Nurse educators are presented with the complex challenge of adapting educational strategies to the needs of the health care industry while preparing graduates to be successful on the licensure exam. For nurse educators, this means that among the many challenges they face, they must begin to use evidence-based teaching strategies and incorporate evidence-based practices into classroom and clinical settings. The health care system must graduate nurses capable of safe practice within the scope of appropriate, evidence-based clinical decision making; this should be the number one reason of implementing teaching strategies in nursing programs to prepare their graduates to pass the NCLEX-RN. (Internet) References How Can I Fail the NCLEX-RN ® With a 3.5 GPA?: Approaches to Help This Unexpected High-Risk Group, Rollant, Paulette Desmaske Annual Review of Nursing Education5 (2007): 259-XIV. Learning Nursing Concepts through Television Programs Raines, Deborah A, PhD, RN,ANEF. Journal of Nursing Education49.3 (Mar 2010): 173-4. Rx for NCLEX-RN Success: Reflections on Development of an Effective Preparation Process for Senior Baccalaureate Students(March, Karen S; Ambrose, Janice M(Jul/Aug 2010 230-2) Strategies to promote success on the NCLEX-RN[R]: an evidence-based approach using The ACE Star Model of Knowledge Transformation Teaching around the cycle: strategies for teaching theory to undergraduate nursing students, Nancy A. Flanagan and Linda McCausland( Nov/Dec 2007):310-4. Teaching Critical Thinking in an introductory leadership course utilizing active learning strategies: A confirmatory Mark E Matkin, Gina S; Fritz, Susan M College Student Journal38.3 (Sep 2004): 482-493 .

Management Accounting :: essays research papers

Management Accounting II FCB Bakery Shop Executive Summary FCB Bakery is a specialty food retailer. FCB uses a system that is similar to RotiBoy Bakery to provide Mexican buns in a fast and time-efficient way. FCB provides its customers the ability to order and buy the bun without waiting in long queue. FCB is offering cheaper offers to the RotiBoy. FCB offers its patrons the finest Mexican buns, specializing in specialty coffees flavors. In addition, FCB will ensure the patrons grab their freshly made buns straight on the spot without delay. Seasonally, TDP will add other flavors such as chocolate, cheese and more flavors. FCB will focus on two markets: The Daily Commuter- someone traveling to/from work, out shopping, delivering goods or services, or just out for a drive. The Captive Consumer- someone who is in a restricted environment that does not allow convenient departure and return while searching for finger food, or where finger food are an integral part of the environment. FCB will penetrate the commuter and captive consumer markets by locating their premises in the most logical and accessible locations. The location are carefully selected in a two-sided traffic and selling the buns in less time than required for a visit to the locally confectionary shop. In addition to providing a quality product and an extensive delicious buns, to ensure customer awareness, as well as good publicity coverage and media support, we will be using word of mouths strategy based upon customer positive feedback. The FCB's financial picture is quite promising. Since FCB is operating a cash business, the initial cost is significantly less than many start-ups these days. The process is labor intensive and FCB recognizes that a higher level of talent is required. The financial investment in its employees will be one of the greatest differentiators between it and FCB's competition. For the purpose of this cash budgeting, the capital expenditures of facilities and equipment are financed. There will be minimum inventory on hand so as to keep the product fresh and to take advantage of price drops, when and if they should occur. The danger in having direct competitors would rise up and establish a foothold on a community before--or in the midst of--the arrival of FCB, causing a potential for a drain on revenues and a dramatic increase in advertising expenditures to maintain market share. Knowing these risks--and planning for them--gives FCB the edge needed to make this scenario work. The projected profits estimates a profit of $166,004 for the first year, $157,309 for second year and earnings of $147,754 on the third year. Management Accounting :: essays research papers Management Accounting II FCB Bakery Shop Executive Summary FCB Bakery is a specialty food retailer. FCB uses a system that is similar to RotiBoy Bakery to provide Mexican buns in a fast and time-efficient way. FCB provides its customers the ability to order and buy the bun without waiting in long queue. FCB is offering cheaper offers to the RotiBoy. FCB offers its patrons the finest Mexican buns, specializing in specialty coffees flavors. In addition, FCB will ensure the patrons grab their freshly made buns straight on the spot without delay. Seasonally, TDP will add other flavors such as chocolate, cheese and more flavors. FCB will focus on two markets: The Daily Commuter- someone traveling to/from work, out shopping, delivering goods or services, or just out for a drive. The Captive Consumer- someone who is in a restricted environment that does not allow convenient departure and return while searching for finger food, or where finger food are an integral part of the environment. FCB will penetrate the commuter and captive consumer markets by locating their premises in the most logical and accessible locations. The location are carefully selected in a two-sided traffic and selling the buns in less time than required for a visit to the locally confectionary shop. In addition to providing a quality product and an extensive delicious buns, to ensure customer awareness, as well as good publicity coverage and media support, we will be using word of mouths strategy based upon customer positive feedback. The FCB's financial picture is quite promising. Since FCB is operating a cash business, the initial cost is significantly less than many start-ups these days. The process is labor intensive and FCB recognizes that a higher level of talent is required. The financial investment in its employees will be one of the greatest differentiators between it and FCB's competition. For the purpose of this cash budgeting, the capital expenditures of facilities and equipment are financed. There will be minimum inventory on hand so as to keep the product fresh and to take advantage of price drops, when and if they should occur. The danger in having direct competitors would rise up and establish a foothold on a community before--or in the midst of--the arrival of FCB, causing a potential for a drain on revenues and a dramatic increase in advertising expenditures to maintain market share. Knowing these risks--and planning for them--gives FCB the edge needed to make this scenario work. The projected profits estimates a profit of $166,004 for the first year, $157,309 for second year and earnings of $147,754 on the third year.