Air Quality Essays - Aerosols, Air Pollution, Free Essays

Air Quality Essays - Aerosols, Air Pollution, Free Essays Air Quality Air Quality & Dispersion Today, the air quality aspect of ARL research is by far the dominant theme, but distinctions among the themes remain somewhat vague. For example, the models developed for emergency response purposes are among those used for air quality prediction. The Air Quality and Dispersion theme is one of the strongest ties that binds ARL's components together. ARL is not heavily involved in the pure science of the business. Instead, ARL focusses on the need to assemble integrated understanding and models from all available sources, to develop the capability to predict changes in air quality that will follow changes in emissions, or that will occur as a result of meteorological factors. ARL air quality research extends to studies of atmospheric deposition essentially the coupling between the atmospheric pollutant environment and the surface below. ARL now operates the only research-grade deposition monitoring network in the nation: AIRMoN (the Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network). Programs. Air Quality and Deposition Modeling Air quality models have demanded this kind of coupling for a considerable time. As a result, there are now well-developed descriptions of PBL processes in use in air quality models. ARL research products are now receiving a wider audience, within the mesoscale modeling community at large. It is recognized that modern models are invariably data assimilative, and that modern monitoring programs require coupled modeling activities for data interpretation. Model development programs are supported by a vigorous physical modeling program, located at Research Triangle Park, NC. ARL operates one of the nation's major fluid modeling facilities, at which studies are conducted on the effects of mountains, buildings, and other surface obstacles on atmospheric flow patterns. Integrated Monitoring, and AIRMoN The Atmospheric Integrated Research Monitoring Network is an atmospheric component to the overall national integrated monitoring initiative that is currently evolving. AIRMoN has two principal components: wet and dry deposition. ARL presently focuses its research attention on the measurement of precipitation chemistry with fine time resolution (AIRMoN-wet), the development of systems for measuring deposition, both wet and dry, the measurement of dry deposition using micrometeorological methods (AIRMoN-dry), the development of techniques for assessing air-surface exchange in areas (such as specific watersheds) where intensive studies are not feasible, and the extension of local measurements and knowledge to describe areal average exchange in numerical models. Aerosols and visibility ARL specializes in the geochemical cycling of atmospheric aerosols, particularly the particulate component. Research groups in ARL concentrate on (a) the injection of dust and soil particles into the atmosphere, (b) the transport of particles through the atmosphere, the production of aerosol particles in the air by chemical reactions, (d) the scavenging of airborne particles by clouds and their subsequent deposition in precipitation, (e) the dry deposition of particles as air moves across different landscapes, and (f) the assembly of numerical models. Specific topics include the injection of dust and soil particles into the atmosphere, the long-range transport of particles through the atmosphere, the production of aerosol particles in the air by chemical reactions, the scavenging of airborne particles by clouds and their subsequent deposition in precipitation, and the dry deposition of particles as air moves across different landscapes. International ARL serves as the leader of the U.S. multi-agency effort to impose formalized and uniform quality assurance programs on the many national air quality and deposition monitoring networks that are operational around the globe. How are ozone concentrations calculated with Hysplit? Ozone is then calculated from the photostationary state equation. The IER solution is used in the operational Hysplit ozone calculation. The pollutant particles are tracked and air concentrations for each species are computed each advection time step following the usual lagrangian approaches. At the conclusion of the advection step the GRS differential equations are solved on the concentration grid (Eulerian solution), and the change of concentration of each pollutant species is applied to the pollutant mass on the particles that contributed concentration to each grid cell. -Eulerian chemistry solution on the grid dc/dt = Equations 1 - 7} 1) ROC + hv -* RP + ROC Nitric oxide-ozone titration reaction 5) RP + RP -* RP k5 = 10200 Sink for nitrogen dioxide to stable gaseous nitrates

Francis Bacon on Youth and Age

Francis Bacon on Youth and Age Francis Bacon  was a true Renaissance man- statesman, writer, and philosopher  of science. He is considered the first major English essayist. Professor Brian Vickers has pointed out that Bacon could vary the tempo of argument in order to highlight important aspects. In the essay Of Youth and Age, Vickers notes in the introduction to the Oxford Worlds Classics 1999 edition of The Essays Or Counsels, Civil and Moral  that Bacon uses a most effective variation in tempo, now slowing down, now speeding up, together with syntactical parallelism, in order to characterize the two opposed stages of life.   Of Youth and Age A man that is young in years may be old in ​hours, if he have lost no time. But that happeneth rarely. Generally, youth is like the first cogitations, not so wise as the second. For there is a youth in thoughts, as well as in ages. And yet the invention of young men is more lively than that of old, and imaginations stream into their minds better, and as it were more divinely. Natures that have much heat and great and violent desires and perturbations, are not ripe for action till they have passed the meridian of their years; as it was with Julius Caesar, and Septimius Severus. Of the latter of whom it is said, Juventutem egit erroribus, imo furoribus, plenum1. And yet he was the ablest emperor, almost, of all the list. But reposed natures may do well in youth. As it is seen in Augustus Caesar, Cosmus Duke of Florence, Gaston de Foix, and others. On the other side, heat and vivacity in age is an excellent composition for business. Young men are fitter to invent than to judge; f itter for execution than for counsel; and fitter for new projects than for settled business. For the experience of age, in things that fall within the compass of it, directeth them; but in new things, abuseth them. The errors of young men are the ruin of business; but the errors of aged men amount but to this, that more might have been done, or sooner. Young men, in the conduct and manage of actions, embrace more than they can hold; stir more than they can quiet; fly to the end, without consideration of the means and degrees; pursue some few principles which they have chanced upon absurdly; care not to innovate, which draws unknown inconveniences; use extreme remedies at first; and that which doubleth all errors, will not acknowledge or retract them; like an unready horse, that will neither stop nor turn. Men of age object too much, consult too long, adventure too little, repent too soon, and seldom drive business home to the full period, but content themselves with a mediocrity of success. Certainly it is good to compound employments of both; for that will be good for the present, because the virtues of either age may correct the defects of both; and good for succession, that young men may be learners, while men in age are actors; and, lastly, good for extern accidents, because authority followeth old men, and favour and popularit y youth. But for the moral part, perhaps youth will have the pre-eminence, as age hath for the politic. A certain rabbin, upon the text, Your young men shall see visions, and your old men shall dream dreams, inferreth that young men are admitted nearer to God than old, because vision is a clearer revelation than a dream. And certainly, the more a man drinketh of the world, the more it intoxicateth; and age doth profit rather in the powers of understanding, than in the virtues of the will and affections. There be some have an over-early ripeness in their years, which fadeth betimes. These are, first, such as have brittle wits, the edge whereof is soon turned; such as was Hermogenes the rhetorician, whose books are exceeding subtle; who afterwards waxed stupid. A second sort is of those that have some natural dispositions which have better grace in youth than in age; such as is a fluent and luxuriant speech, which becomes youth well, but not age: so Tully saith of Hortensius, Idem manebat, neq ue idem decebat2. The third is of such as take too high a strain at the first, and are magnanimous more than tract of years can uphold. As was Scipio Africanus, of whom Livy saith in effect, Ultima primis cedebant3. 1 He passed a youth full of errors, yea of madnesses.2 He continued the same, when the same was not becoming.3 His last actions were not equal to his first.

Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Civilization - Essay Example Industrialization started with the mass production of pottery, textiles and metal tools. Writing emerged as a means of communication invented mainly to deal with urban problems of management and book keeping. On the social front, people were grouped into classes based on control of resources, wealth, political authority, family, or religion. By 3000 B.C.E., the Sumerians in south Babylonia (Southern Mesopotamia) founded the oldest cities of Ur, Nippur, and Uruk; the largest city in the world. Quarrels over water and agricultural land led to increased warfare to create kingdoms ruling several city states. The city of Kish in north Babylonia had the first king in history. In the far east of Babylonia, the Akkadians established the first empire in history in the city of Akkade. Sargon, their first king who was the servant of the king of Kish became the first conqueror of history. His grandson, Naram-Sin developed unheard-of wealth and power that he declared himself god and built temples to himself. In 2125 B.C.E., the Sumerians established the third dynasty empire on the foundation of the Akkadian empire. In 1792 B.C.E. King Hammurabi created a kingdom to embrace most of Mesopotamia. At 1600 B.C.E., the Babylonian kingdom fell apart by invasions from the Hittites, Hurrians, and Kassites. Ingredients of civilization were ... Their language consisted of thousands of characters that represented words and some sounds. In ancient Egypt, the hieroglyphics language was invented to involve hundreds of picture signs, each representing one, two or three sounds to mean a word or category. Text was written horizontally from right to left or left to right, or vertically from top to bottom in both horizontal directions. Another ingredient of culture is social change. In ancient Egypt, black Africans from Nubia and Asians from the east were captured in war and brought back to Egypt as slaves. Sometimes entire people were slaved as the Hebrews according to the Bible. Slaves performed domestic services, labored in fields with the peasants, worked as policemen or soldiers as they also labored to erect the great temples and monuments of Egypt. They could be freed by in most occasions they were not. In Mesopotamia there were two main types of slavery: chattel and debt slavery. Chattel slaves were bought like property and had no legal rights as they were easily recognized by their hair style or tattoo on their arm. They were non-Mesopotamians bought from slave merchants or imprisoned during war. Chattel slaves were mainly used in domestic services rather than fieldwork. Debt slave were more common than chattel slaves. They were declared slaves when members of family were declared as surety of a loan where they have to labor to pay the interest on the loan. They could not be sold and they are redeemed free once the debt is paid off. However slaves had little legal protection and could buy his or her freedom. Hammurabi's Law Code revealed the classes of people of nobles, commoners, and slaves, who were not treated equally. Women in Mesopotamia could

Virtual Working Teams Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Virtual Working Teams - Essay Example Peru is highly collectivist, in which decision-making is trusted and valued with group emphasis (geert-hofstede.com, 2). France is highly individualistic, valuing rewards and recognition for individual accomplishment of that of group affiliation and group-based norms (geert-hofstede.com, 2); the same is true for the United States. Egyptian protocols are highly social even in the business environment (Dunn, 1). As part of expatriate training, managers will be provided exceptional literature on cultural dimensions to assist in locating top talent for the virtual team role in each geographical region. Training will consist of literature and software scenarios based on customer relationship management principles and corporate social responsibility related to government interaction and business leadership. Training will further consist of inter-dependent group methodologies in the form of role play exercises to highlight scenario responses in a virtual environment. Skype and other streaming software will assist in this development with the HR manager in the U.S. who will observe and recommend solutions based on testing scores and expatriate management assessment. For issues of cost reduction, cloud computing will be the majority of software support. This system provides access to CRM software over the Internet with pay-per-use access (Burns, 11). This will avoid the need for a defined, individualized information technology support system. Communications between teams will occur via existing e-mail systems (i.e. Lotus Notes), streaming video, and teleconferencing. These are effective systems for real-time project communications. However, a recent study using a sample of 42 interviewed virtual team members from 26 different organizations indicated that face-to-face discussion is required in order to gain commitment and build productivity (Dube & Robey, 18). To facilitate this need, key personnel

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay Example for Free

Mathematics, the Connection Between Art and Science Essay Although there are many differences that set art and science apart, they share one undeniable commonality. This bond that is present between what is otherwise considered as polar opposites is mathematics. As shown in Professor Vesna’s lecture, mathematics is imperative to the development of art. Through math, artists have come to understand perspective, proportion, and geometrics. In terms of science, mathematics is the foundation which every theory stands upon. Nature, humans, and the digital world would have been impossible to comprehend without numbers to bridge the gap between the unknown and the understood. Truly, mathematics is ubiquitous and continues to prove its importance to this day. A novel amalgamation that consists of mathematics, art, and science is music. Milkman, an artist of the mash-up genre, is a musician that samples different songs and digitally combines them to form a brand new track. In a way, his work is described as an example of cross synthesis or convultion which according to Burk is some aspect of one sound superimposed on another. To harmoniously combine two different songs, one must fully understand every possible correlation in terms of rhythm, melody, and lyrics. And with mathematics and science making the technology available, the art of mashing up songs has become readily accessible and requires only creativity to create the next hit single. Mathematics has almost an infinite range of applications in society today. For example, Robert Lang presents mathematics as part of the core that drives origami, the art of folding paper. Lang shows that complexity is irrelevant; with mathematics to dictate origami, anything can be shaped. Because of its practicality of compacting large things, origami is used in various sectors of science which include telescope lens packing and heart stents. Another example of math’s prevalence is Theo Jansen’s presentation on his kinetic sculptures. His biological art, able to move independently, essentially redefines the wheel. Not only is it artistic but also it is a masterpiece of engineering; just a simple push can propel a massively heavy structure across difficult terrain. It is evident that math not only facilitates the evolution of artistic creations but also helps apply them as potential solutions to problems of today.

Essay --

When people fall asleep, their minds are taken on a journey beyond their control. They sleep through the night and dream for a small fraction of the time, yet dreams feel as if they last for hours, because of the combination of overlapping events, abnormal situations, and extraordinary details. Some people find meaningful interpretations of dreams, while others reject the idea that dreams are relevant to reality. Even though the true purpose of a dream is arguable, people can still benefit from them. Journalism allows a people to extract their dreams from their subconscious state of mind. The concept of a dream journal is to keep record of dreams as they occur. It allows a person to easily retrieve dreams in the past rather than attempting to do so from memory. It is fascinating how imaginative people are during their dreams, yet they struggle to be creative in their writing. Dream journals train the incorporation of creativity and detail in writing and consist of various stories tha t can be either confusing or insightful. Because dreams have numerous features, it is necessary to write down every detail. If one is experiencing trouble using details in personal writing, then dream journals will work in his or her favor, especially if used daily. A person’s writing skills improve due to forming a habit of recalling and recording details. During my sophomore year of high school, my friend Jacob and I had a conversation about lucid dreaming. He described to me that lucid dreaming was the ability to control oneself in a dream. He further explained that I could train myself to experience lucid dreams by keeping track of my dreams in a journal. This conversation sparked my curiosity and I immediately began experimenting. The next morning... ...xtraordinary mental processes such as dreams† (p. 525). A direct relationship exists between creativity and dream recall. The more creativity a person develops, the easier recalling dreams will be. The more dream recall a person does, the easier being creative becomes. Dreams give us access to a world where any scenario is possible. Most dreams may not make sense, but they are really vivid. Imaginations do not disappear when wake up, therefore creativity exists in everyone. Keeping a dream journal is a way to implicate creativity into a person’s everyday life, specifically in his or her writing. After analyzing my personal experience along with Kimberly’s and professional studies, it is evident that dream journaling has a positive influence in creative writing. This proven relationship can be taken advantage of by those interested in improving their writing skills.

The Fault in Our Stars Reflective Response

The Fault in our Stars Reflective Response People have a wide range of philosophies and beliefs on how they should live their lives. The anticipated approach in which they should confront their fears, their challenges, and their daily decisions varies greatly from the true outcomes. Many people are hopefully to become the idea of greatness they envision and Gus being a romantically oriented person obsessed over the idea of becoming Hazel’s knight in shining armor. Learning of his impending death put him in the same position as Hazel.He could now understand the psychological effects of living life on the true edge, not knowing what the next day will bring for yourself or those around you. In his letter, Gus takes on a tone of disparity due to his realization of human inconsistencies. He understands the conflicting ideas of human emotion and the truthful brutality of reality. Being split between his own hopes of leaving a mark and his acceptance that â€Å"like doctors say: Fir st, do no harm† (312) Gus accepts the outcomes with reservation.Due to the relationship and emotional attachment between Gus and Hazel, Hazel’s beliefs create a slight bias that has great effect on giving of living on the edge he now sees the world as Hazel views it. Gus now is split between his own ideas of romanticism, which is apparent when he continues to bring up true heroism, yet his situation directs him towards the true analytical understanding of the world. In a final attempt to do what matters Gus’ true nature of romanticism emerges. Though his mind is convinced to accept that the less the splash the better he clearly wants to make that impression deep down.For Hazel he attempts to continue her vision of him being her knight in shining armor by showing her even after death he is there to love her. Gus is the true example of internal conflict in a male’s mind. The rationality and emotional connections to values become entangled and confused. As al l humans in a period of crisis they begin to understand the true nature of their personalities, but become removed from the blissful ignorance of the world in order to lessen their damaging effect.The indecisiveness and confusion that Gus has at the time of writing his letter is a universal response to insecurity and hopelessness. In many situations of bleakness I myself have been torn between making the instinctual protective decision or the ethical response in which others are spared of impairment. It is unclear what the right course of action is in order to benefit both yourself and others, but in terms of personality I feel that I compare closely to what Gus tries to be.I know that he wants to be a good person that works for the benefit of others, but at the same time his own hopes influence his actions so that he can be seen as a martyr. After sorting through his thoughts Gus finally decides that making a difference is Hazel’s life is the most important thing that he can do in his limited time. By adopting and living her ideas he provides her a sense of unity with him even after he is gone. Gus’ letter reveals more than just about his own internalizations.His thoughts give secondary support to Hazel’s and maintain relevance to the reader because of its universality. In terms of the novel Gus’ letter provides the reader with an applicable question to think about. Many people wonder if they’re making a difference in the world, but few people understand what it means to make a difference, but seeing things in a relatively unaltered view allows the reader to connect with the ideas, emotions, and thoughts Green was attempting to communicate.Gus’ letter also illustrates the two-sidedness of the world. As Gus says â€Å"a desert blessing, an ocean curse† (313) perspective changes the impact of everything. Even the few things in the universe that remain constant are not always consistent. In the end Gus becomes to heroic romantic martyr that he dreams of becoming although he wished for things to have happened differently for his own purposes. Gus makes his choices at he says at the end of the letter and he like all those who search for happiness are able to attain it.

Nation under God Essay

The argument regarding the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance is not a new one. In fact, this argument stems from the long standing principle of separation between the church and the state which is embodied in the First Amendment of the United States constitution. Under this principle, the government and the church are to be kept separate from each other. The government is prohibited from encouraging or advancing any of the interests of a single religion. This means that the government cannot promote a single religion or impose upon its people which religion to follow (Clark 1965). It is a blanket prohibition that prevents the government from intervening in the religious beliefs of people. The second aspect of this principle recognizes that the government will invariably have to deal with religious institutions one way or the other (Clark 1965). The doctrine on the separation of church and state therefore also regulates the dealings between the church and state such that there should only be a minimal and incidental interference from the government. This is also known as the rule on excessive entanglement between the church and the state. The problem with the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance is considered as a violation of the doctrine on the separation of the church and state because many religious groups claim that the use of the term God favors the Christian religion which prominently uses the term God for the Supreme Being. Other groups on the other hand argue that the word God as used in the Pledge of Allegiance is not an advancement of the Christian religion but rather an acknowledgment of some higher being that is common to all religions. This short discourse will seek to shed more light on the issue of the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance. The first part will cover the historical background of the insertion of the word God in an attempt to understand the original meaning of the word God as used in the Pledge of Allegiance. The next segments will cover the points of view from the perspective of the state as contrasted to the perspective of the church on the issue. Historical Background of the Insertion of the Word God: There has been a lot of controversy surrounding the use of the word God in the Pledge of Allegiance particularly with its mandatory recitation in the public school classrooms. Most of controversy revolves around the use of the phrase â€Å"under God. † It was not until June 14, 1954 however that this highly contested phrase was inserted (Whitsitt 1896). The original tenor of the pledge of allegiance which was created by Francis Bellamy on September 7, 1892 read as follows: I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands, one nation indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Historical Changes of the Pledge of Allegiance 1892: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † 1892 to 1923: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my Flag and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † 1923 to 1954: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † 1954 to Present: â€Å"I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands: one Nation under God, indivisible, with Liberty and Justice for all. † The original tenor of the Pledge of Allegiance did not contain any reference to any deity whatsoever. In response to this, the Knights of Columbus of New York City urged the assemblies to insert a reference to a deity since they felt that it was incomplete without one. The deity to which the Knights of Columbus referred to was the same one that was referred to in Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address (Whitsitt 1896). The words â€Å"under God† as used in Lincoln’s address, according to the Knights of Columbus, was the most appropriate one to add to the Pledge of Allegiance. It is important to note however that the phrase â€Å"under God† was never contained in the original text of the Gettysburg Address. By April 22 of the year 1951, the Board of Directors of the Knights of Columbus formally adopted a resolution to amend the recitation of Pledge of Allegiance by the members of the Knights of Columbus at the opening of each of the meetings of the 800 Fourth Degree Assemblies of the Knights of Columbus by addition of the words â€Å"under God† after the words â€Å"one nation† (Whitsitt 1896). It was not long before the whole organization had adopted the same resolution as the idea spread throughout the other Knights of Columbus organizations nationwide. On August 21, 1952, the Supreme Council of the Knights of Columbus adopted a resolution at its annual meeting recommending the that the change in the Pledge of Allegiance be made universal and soon petitions and copies of the resolution were sent to the Office of the President, the Vice President, who was the Presiding Officer of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives. While the attempts of the Knights of Columbus were unsuccessful, they were able to convince a majority of the relevance of inserting such a phrase and soon the movement began to gain momentum (Whitsitt 1896). It was not until Senator Homer Ferguson who in his report to the United States Congress on March 10, 1954 that the movement had begun to make significant progress. In this privileged speech, Senator Ferguson said, â€Å"The introduction of this joint resolution was suggested to me by a sermon given recently by the Rev. George M. Docherty, of Washington, D. C. , who is pastor of the church at which Lincoln worshipped. † By this time Congress concurred with the Oakman-Ferguson resolution, and Eisenhower opted to sign the bill into law on Flag Day, June 14, 1954. The rationale for the approval and adoption of the phrase â€Å"under God† was clarified by President Eisenhower in a letter which he wrote in August of 1954 (Bradley 1996). These words [â€Å"under God†] will remind Americans that despite our great physical strength we must remain humble. They will help us to keep constantly in our minds and hearts the spiritual and moral principles which alone give dignity to man, and upon which our way of life is founded. This was actually taken from the sermon of Docherty to which President Eisenhower had taken a great interest in (Whitsitt 1896). It was eventually published by Harper & Bros. in New York in 1958 and President Eisenhower took the opportunity to write to Dr. Docherty with gratitude for the opportunity to once again read the fateful sermon. Finally, on Flag Day, June 14, 1954, Congress passed the legislation that add the phrase â€Å"under God† to the Pledge of Allegiance. At this point, it can be argued that the insertion of the word God into the Pledge of Allegiance was actually motivated by some religious influence, particularly the Christian religion. In order to have a better understanding of the issue at hand however it is important to briefly examine the import of the doctrine of the Separation of the Church and the State. Doctrine of the Separation of Church and State: The phrase, â€Å"separation of Church and State†, is actually from a letter that was written by one of the founding fathers, Thomas Jefferson, to a group that called themselves the Danbury Baptists. In the letter, Thomas Jefferson wrote that, â€Å"I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, thus building a wall of separation between Church and State. † This was of course in reference to the First Amendment of the United States Constitution (Whitsitt 1896). The basic precept of this doctrine is founded on a firm belief that religion and state should be separate. It covers a very wide spectrum, as mentioned in the previous sections of this discussion, ranging from the secularization or elimination of the church to theocracy wherein the state works in tandem with a religion in order to govern over the acts of people (Bradley 1996). The Secularist Perspective: The secularist perspective is that the state should be kept distant from religion and that, in the same vein, the religious institutions should also be free from any governmental interferences. This follows the second aspect of the Doctrine of the Separation of Church and State that dictates that there should be no entanglement between the Church and the State (Bradley 1996). In this perspective, the government is prohibited from citing the authority or influence of a specific religious institution for the justification of its authority (Bradley 1996). While there are some governments that claim religious justifications for their powers such as the Muslim states, the justification for such is based on the emphasis of the relationship for ceremonial and rhetorical purposes only. The acts done by the government are not meant to further the cause of any single religion but are actually for the general welfare and the benefit of the state. The state therefore does not conform to any particular religious doctrine but in fact caters to its own doctrine as mandated by the will of the people and of the Constitution (Clark 1965). Acts such as exemptions from taxation or providing funds for education and charities, though viewed as supporting religion, are in fact welfare based or â€Å"faith based† according to secularists. This reflects the view that temporal authority and spiritual authority should properly operate in complimentary spheres. The spheres where they overlap such as in moral values or property rights are areas where neither should take authority over the other but should instead offer a framework in which society can work these issues out without subjugating a religion to the state or vice versa (Bradley 1996).

Translating “May” to Spanish

Translating â€Å"May† to Spanish The English auxiliary verb may is commonly used in at least three different ways, and each of them is translated to Spanish differently: When ‘May’ Expresses Possibility Probably the most common use of may is to express possibility. In this way, the meaning is often roughly the same as the auxiliary verb might. This can be translated in different ways, but typically the Spanish would require the use of a verb in the subjunctive mood. Note how there is no single word in the following sample sentences that means may. The sentence in parentheses following the Spanish translation is a literal translation of the Spanish and should have roughly the same meaning as the original English sentence. They may make a new version of the book. (Es posible que hagan una nueva versià ³n del libro. It is possible that they will make a new version of the book.)She may be pregnant. (Es posible que està © embarazada. It is possible that she is pregnant.)There may be more than one for each person. (Tal vez haya ms de una para cada persona. Perhaps there is more than one for each person.)We may go to Cozumel for our honeymoon. (Posiblemente vayamos a pasar nuestra luna de miel a Cozumel. Possibly we will go to spend our honeymoon in Cozumel.)There may be 50 million of us in 2015. (Quiz seamos 50 millones en 2015. Maybe we will be 50 million in 2015.)She may not leave. (Puede que no salga. It can be that she doesnt leave.) A key, then, when translating to Spanish is to think of an alternative way to get the idea of may across. You can find other ways of translating this usage of may in this lesson on translating maybe. Note that in most cases there are several translations that would work, so your choice often will depend on context and the tone of voice you wish to use. When ‘May’ Is Used Used for Asking Permission May is commonly used when seeking permission to perform such action, or when giving permission. Generally, the verb poder gets the idea across well: May I go to the concert tonight? ( ¿Puedo ir al concierto esta noche?)Yes, you may go. (Sà ­, puedes ir.)May we get more information about our account? ( ¿Podemos obtener otra informacià ³n sobre nuestra cuenta?)If you have any questions, you may call me. (Si tienes preguntas, puedes llamarme.) Although in formal English speech a distinction is sometimes made between may and can, there is no need to make such a distinction in Spanish, as poder functions for both meanings. The verb permitir can also be used: May I smoke? ( ¿Me permite fumar? Literally, am I permitted to smoke?)May I visit the house? ( ¿Me permitieron ustedes visitar la casa?)May I leave tonight? (Me permites salir esta noche.) When ‘May’ Expresses Desire Although not especially common, may can be used to express a wish or desire. Sentences with that usage typically can be translated to a sentence beginning with que followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood: May he rest in peace. (Que en paz descanse.)May you live for many more years. (Que vivas muchos aà ±os ms.)May you have many more years of life! ( ¡Que tengas muchos aà ±os ms de vida!) Sentences such as these can also be translated using ojal que. May it rain tomorrow. (Ojal que llueva maà ±ana.)May you have many children. (Ojal que tengas muchos hijos.) ‘May’ in Sayings Some set phrases have meanings that often cant be translated word for word and need to be learned individually: Be that as it may. (Aunque asà ­ sea.)Come what may. (Pase lo que pase.)Devil-may-care attitude. (Actitud arriesgada/temeraria.)May I help you? ( ¿En quà © puedo servirle?)We may as well study. (Ms vale que estudiemos.) The Month of May The Spanish word for the month of May is mayo. Note that in Spanish the names of the months  arent capitalized. Key Takeaways When may is used to indicate that something is possible, the translation often uses the subjunctive mood.When may is used for seeking permission, it can often be translated using a form of the verb poder or permitir.When may is used to express some types of desire, it can often be translated using a sentence that begins with que or ojal que and is followed by a subjunctive verb.

Two Inverted Idioms

Two Inverted Idioms Two Inverted Idioms Two Inverted Idioms By Maeve Maddox As the residents of my state prepared for a cold front, one of the local television anchors remarked, We are in store for a big chill. His meaning was that extremely cold weather was about to descend upon us, but that is not what he said. The word store in the idiom â€Å"in store for† means, â€Å"a stock of something laid up for future use.† Figuratively speaking, events or conditions (like a cold front) are â€Å"in store for† those who will experience them in the future. The people of the state were not in store for the big chill. The big chill was in store for the people of the state. Here are some examples from the Web that get it right: More Snow in Store for Turkey, Jerusalem This Weekend The New Congress: What’s In Store for Natural Health? That same television anchorman, reporting news about two businessmen, said, They’re in the works of opening up two new restaurants. The businessmen are not â€Å"in the works†; the two new restaurants are â€Å"in the works.† One meaning of works (noun) is â€Å"the working parts of a machine.† For example, one removes the back of a clock to reveal the works inside. â€Å"In the works† is a figurative expression meaning â€Å"being prepared† or â€Å"in development.† The processes or stages of getting something done are being compared to the workings of a machine. Here are some examples from the Web in which the expression is used correctly: A new big solar panel farm in the works in California Beamdog confirms that a new Baldurs Gate game is in the works Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousWhen to Spell Out Numbers

Part 1 3000 word lit review part 2 2000 word research proposal Essay

Part 1 3000 word lit review part 2 2000 word research proposal - Essay Example These falls have led to serious injuries in the elderly such as fractures of the hip and other skeletal parts (Daley & Spinks, 2000; Tinetti, et al., 1997). Falls have also led to lowered confidence and a fear of falling that has caused persons to remain sedentary, putting them at risk for other illnesses (Fortinsky et al., 2004). Studies have sought to ascertain the factors that contribute to falls in the elderly, and of these, most have been connected with strength and balance (Lord, Ward & Williams, 1999; Gardner, Robertson & Campbell, 2000). Problems with strength and balance have been shown to be the major contributors to the instability of the elderly (Rubenstein, 2004; Gardner, Robertson & Campbell, 2000). Strength and power reduction are characteristics of ageing that lead to a loss of functional balance and confidence (Hunter et al., 2004). In fact, balance depends on an intricate interaction of several of the body's systems: musculo-skeletal, nervous, vestibular, and visual (Gauchard et al., 1999; Lemmer et al., 1999; Carter et al., 2002). Both strength and balance can be thought of as having a bearing on the body's the ability to maintain posture, and posture can be defined as the proper positioning of each body part in relation to another (Pajala et al., 2004; Lord, Ward, & Williams, 1996). The somatosensory system is responsible for providing the central nervous system with information about the body's position through proprioceptors contained inside the muscles (Anderson, 2002; Islam, 2004; Lord, et al., 1996) . Yet the functioning of these balance components is shown to decline with age (Lord et al., 1994; Thelen et al., 1996; Judge, 2003). Exercise interventions of the form of proprioceptive and strength-training exercises have been cited as having the ability to reverse or slow many of these effects of ageing. In fact, it has been strongly suggested by research that older persons who are physically active display better sensori-motor and balance skills than their inactive counterparts (Toulotte et al., 2003; Lemmer et al., 2000; Hunter et al., 2004). Though many researchers have studied the combined impact of these exercises on functional balance, much needs to be researched on the impact each has individually on functional ability. Further than that, what studies have had to say on confidence levels of the elderly following intervention is also of importance and has often been overlooked. Veteran researchers such as Lord et al. (1996) and Brown et al. (2002) have demonstrated the benefit of these exercises, yet without separating them to isolate the effects of each. Other research done by Gauchard et al. (1999) has performed this separation, yet without the use of clinically tested interventions. Still others have employed good interventions and measures, but implemented exercises for far too short a period to achieve truly significant results (Carter et al., 2001). It is the purpose of this study to further critique the literature explored on both types of therapy for the prevention of falling in the elderly. It will consider exercise interventions that employ both resistance and proprioceptive activities in an attempt to locate areas in which definite conclusions have been achieved, as well as to locate areas in which improvements can be made to achieve better results. It will then use the information gained to design, implement and evaluate the outcome of a specifi c lower limb proprioception exercise programme and

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 22

Case study - Essay Example r, it is a popular belief amongst experts from the industry that GE should bring change – change in people handling and change in the approach to work at GE. The million dollar question then arises: What is GE doing wrong despite such huge training investments and what area does it need to concentrate on to improve the current working attitude of its people. These questions can only be answered by exploring the approach that GE’s CEO Mr. Jeffrey R. Immelt has adopted to deal with his employees. G.E has a centralized organizational structure. The article mentions that executive recruiter Peter Crist says companies that once poached GE talent now look beyond it to alternatives such as Danaher (DHR), United Technologies (UTX), and even Tyco (TYC), which are viewed as "decentralized, sophisticated, and young." Jeff Immelt practices a democratic style of leadership and the leadership theory that he follows is a traits theory. The quote that best supports the approach says: ‘within GE, the talk is about the new traits leaders will need to thrive, a subject thats reviewed every five years. "We are working on 21st century attributes," explains Chief Learning Officer Susan Peters.’ The above quote shows that human traits are given more importance and Immelt strongly believes that there are some common traits shared by all leaders and that these can be learnt at the Crotonville Management Center. Moreover, the dinner weekends that Immelt organizes and the focus that he has started to give to his employees also support that he practices a democratic form of leadership. Immelt seems to be making both programmed and non programmed decisions as on one side he is only following the old and timed practices of GE’s human resource management, but on the other side he is experimenting with his new ideas of bonding with his employees. Instead of bringing out a change in how employees are trained he believes that what GE has been doing is in the best interest of its